Eye movement characteristics in male patients with deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia and their relationships with psychiatric symptoms and cognitive function

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Abstract

Background

The cognitive impairment pattern of deficit schizophrenia (DS) is centered on an impaired attention function. Previous studies have suggested that the exploratory eye movement (EEM) tests reflect attention deficits in patients with schizophrenia. However, no study has investigated the characteristics of eye movement in DS in the Chinese Han population. This study aimed to investigate the pattern of eye movement characteristics in DS patients and to examine whether eye movement characteristic is associated with serious negative symptoms and cognitive decline in this schizophrenia subtype.

Methods

A total of 86 male patients [37 DS and 49 non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS)] and 80 healthy controls (HC) participated in this study. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Cognitive function was assessed using the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS-2). Eye movement data of subjects were collected using an eye movement tracking analyzer.

Results

There were significant differences in the overall eye movement data and cognitive test scores among the three groups (all P < 0.001). Both DS and NDS schizophrenia subgroups showed more severe eye movement and cognitive impairment compared with the control group. The number of eye fixations (NEF), total of eye scanning length (TESL), and cognitive function in DS patients were significantly lower than those in NDS patients. The discriminant analysis (D score) was higher than that of the control group ( P < 0.001). In the DS group, the inattention factor of SANS was negatively correlated with the attention factor (r = − 0.545, P = 0.001) and structure factor of cognitive (r = − 0.389, P = 0.023), the affective flattening factor of SANS was negatively correlated with TESL (r = − 0.353, P = 0.041) and initiation/retention factor of cognitive (r = − 0.376, P = 0.028). TESL was found to positively correlate with the MDRS-2 total score (r = 0.427, P = 0.012), attention factor (r = 0.354, P = 0.040), and memory factor (r = 0.349, P = 0.043) in the DS group, whereas the mean of eye scanning length (MESL) positively correlated with cognitive impairments in the NDS group. The negative symptoms showed no significant correlation with cognition in the NDS group.

Conclusions

Total of eye scanning length may be a characteristic eye movement symptom in DS patients, which is associated with serious negative symptoms and cognitive impairment in this schizophrenia subtype.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-021-00673-w.

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Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Yuan-Pang Wang, Maheswar Satpathy, Mathilde Touvier … (2018)

Summary Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8–75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0–8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0–62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0–7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3–50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8–5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0–49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5–5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5–46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2–5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3–3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0–11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862–11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018–19 228). Interpretation The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-to-date information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response.

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Global Epidemiology and Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

John J. McGrath, James G Scott, Harvey Whiteford … (2018)

Introduction The global burden of disease (GBD) studies have derived detailed and comparable epidemiological and burden of disease estimates for schizophrenia. We report GBD 2016 estimates of schizophrenia prevalence and burden of disease with disaggregation by age, sex, year, and for all countries. Method We conducted a systematic review to identify studies reporting the prevalence, incidence, remission, and/or excess mortality associated with schizophrenia. Reported estimates which met our inclusion criteria were entered into a Bayesian meta-regression tool used in GBD 2016 to derive prevalence for 20 age groups, 7 super-regions, 21 regions, and 195 countries and territories. Burden of disease estimates were derived for acute and residual states of schizophrenia by multiplying the age-, sex-, year-, and location-specific prevalence by 2 disability weights representative of the disability experienced during these states. Findings The systematic review found a total of 129 individual data sources. The global age-standardized point prevalence of schizophrenia in 2016 was estimated to be 0.28% (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 0.24–0.31). No sex differences were observed in prevalence. Age-standardized point prevalence rates did not vary widely across countries or regions. Globally, prevalent cases rose from 13.1 (95% UI: 11.6–14.8) million in 1990 to 20.9 (95% UI: 18.5–23.4) million cases in 2016. Schizophrenia contributes 13.4 (95% UI: 9.9–16.7) million years of life lived with disability to burden of disease globally. Conclusion Although schizophrenia is a low prevalence disorder, the burden of disease is substantial. Our modeling suggests that significant population growth and aging has led to a large and increasing disease burden attributable to schizophrenia, particularly for middle income countries.

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Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept.

Marshall Carpenter, Joseph Wagman, D Heinrichs (1988)

The authors provide a rationale for distinguishing the primary, enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia (termed "deficit symptoms") from the more transient negative symptoms secondary to other factors. They argue that the former are more likely to provide a basis for meaningful subtyping of the schizophrenic syndrome, while the latter are more likely to respond to currently available treatments. They describe their experience in using clinical judgment based on longitudinal observations to identify deficit and nondeficit subtypes of schizophrenic patients and propose criteria for defining schizophrenia with the deficit syndrome.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Lin Zhang: 729572251@qq.com

Xiangrong Zhang: drxrz@hotmail.com

Xinyu Fang: fxywilbur@163.com

Chao Zhou: zc35201@163.com

Lu Wen: wenluword@163.com

Xinming Pan: 1429220974@qq.com

Fuquan Zhang: zfqeee@126.com

Jiu Chen: ericcst@aliyun.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Neurosci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Neurosci

Title: BMC Neuroscience

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2202

Publication date (Electronic): 24 November 2021

Publication date PMC-release: 24 November 2021

Publication date Collection: 2021

Volume: 22

Electronic Location Identifier: 70

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.89957.3a, ISNI 0000 0000 9255 8984, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, , The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, ; No. 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China

[2 ]Department of Psychiatry, The Second People’s Hospital of Jiangning District, No. 50 ChenLing Road, Nanjing, 210003 Jiangsu China

[3 ]GRID grid.89957.3a, ISNI 0000 0000 9255 8984, Institute of Neuropsychiatry, , The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, ; No. 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China

Article

Publisher ID: 673

DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00673-w

PMC ID: 8613938

PubMed ID: 34819034

SO-VID: e823b6c7-c1c4-4208-96ce-0d899351bca6

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 6 August 2021

Date accepted : 9 November 2021

Funding

Funded by: National Key Research and Development Program of China

Award ID: 2018YFC1314300

Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China

Award ID: 81971255

Funded by: Social Development Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China

Award ID: BE2019610

Funded by: Jiangsu Provincial Medical Talent project

Award ID: ZDRCA2016075

Funded by: Basic Research Project of Frontier Technology in Jiangsu Province, China

Award ID: BK20192004D

Funded by: Science and Technology Benefiting people Project of Jiangning District, Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, China

Award ID: 20212021NJNQKJHMJHXM0121

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences

Keywords: deficit schizophrenia,exploratory eye movement,mattis dementia rating scale,cognitive function

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences

Keywords: deficit schizophrenia, exploratory eye movement, mattis dementia rating scale, cognitive function

Eye movement characteristics in male patients with deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia and their relationships with psychiatric symptoms and cognitive function

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Supplementary Information

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Most cited references 86

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Global Epidemiology and Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept.

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