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      Sincronización del estro y ovulación en hembras bovinas de razas cárnicas. Bases endocrinas y protocolos usados Translated title: Synchronization of estrus and ovulation in bovine females. Endocrine bases and treatments used

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          Abstract

          Resumen En México, la eficiencia reproductiva de las vacas en los sistemas de producción de becerro es baja y el uso de esquemas de sincronización del estro y la ovulación puede contribuir a mejorarla. El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir la regulación endocrina del ciclo estral y la dinámica folicular en los bovinos, resaltando cómo, a través del uso de hormonas exógenas se pueden manipular estos procesos para implementar los diferentes protocolos de sincronización del estro y la ovulación. Además, se presentan resultados de tasa de preñez a estro sincronizado (TPES) con los diferentes protocolos de sincronización de estro y ovulación que se reportan en la bibliografía. Se recopilaron revisiones y artículos originales sobre temas de ciclo estral y desarrollo folicular en bovinos y se obtuvieron datos de TPES de artículos científicos publicados entre 2000 y 2023. La TPES reportada oscila entre 23 hasta 76%, sin embargo, aunque el rango es amplio, en protocolos basados en estradiol y GnRH alrededor del 50% de los datos de TPES colectados están entre 45 y 55%. En protocolos basados en progesterona el 50% de los datos reportan TPES de entre 55 y 65%. En la actualidad, existen tres principales protocolos de sincronización de estro y ovulación con los que, según la bibliografía revisada, se puede obtener TPES de entre 45 y 65% en la mayoría de las ocasiones.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract In Mexico, reproductive efficiency of cows in calf production systems is low and the use of estrus and ovulation synchronization schemes can contribute to improve it. The objective of this review was to describe the endocrine regulation of the estrous cycle and follicular dynamics in cattle, highlighting how, using exogenous hormones, and these processes can be manipulated to implement different estrous and ovulation synchronization protocols. In addition, results of pregnancy rate at synchronized estrus (PRSE) with the different estrous and ovulation synchronization protocols reported in the literature are presented. Reviews and original articles on topics of estrous cycle and follicular development in cattle were collected and PRSE data were obtained from scientific articles published between 2000 and 2023. The reported PRSE ranges from 23 to 76 %, however, although the range is wide, in estradiol and GnRH based protocols about 50 % of the PRSE data collected are between 45 and 55 %. In progesterone-based protocols, 50 % of the data report PRSE between 55 and 65 %. Currently, there are three main estrous and ovulation synchronization protocols with which, according to the literature reviewed, PRSE between 45 and 65 % can be obtained in most occasions.

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          Most cited references142

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          Mechanisms Controlling the Function and Life Span of the Corpus Luteum

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            Ovarian follicular dynamics during the estrous cycle in heifers monitored by real-time ultrasonography.

            It is not clear whether the turnover of ovarian follicles during the estrous cycle in cattle is continuous and independent of the phase of the cycle, or whether waves of follicular growth occur at specific times of the cycle. To clarify this controversy, the pattern of growth and regression of ovarian follicles was characterized during a complete estrous cycle in ten heifers by daily ultrasonographic examinations. Follicles greater than or equal to 5 mm were measured and their relative locations within the ovary were determined in order to follow the sequential development of each individual follicle. Results indicated the presence of either two (n = 2 heifers), three (n = 7), or four (n = 1) waves of follicular growth per cycle. Each wave was characterized by the development of one large (dominant) follicle and a variable number of smaller (non-dominant) follicles. In the most common pattern observed (three waves/cycle), the first, second, and third waves started on Days 1.9 +/- 0.3, 9.4 +/- 0.5, and 16.1 +/- 0.7 (X +/- SEM), respectively. The dominant follicle in the third wave was the ovulatory follicle. The maximal size and the growth rate of the dominant follicle in the second wave were significantly lower than in the other waves, but no significant difference was observed between the first and third waves. For the two heifers that had two follicular waves/cycle, the waves started on Days 2 and 11, whereas in the remaining heifer (four waves/cycle), the waves began on Days 2, 8, 14, and 17, respectively. At 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days before estrus, the ovulatory follicle was the largest follicle in the ovaries in 100%, 95%, 74%, 35%, and 25% of follicular phases monitored, respectively. The relative size of the preovulatory follicle at the completion of luteolysis (progesterone less than 1 ng/ml) was negatively correlated (r = -0.90; p less than 0.0001) with the interval of time between the end of luteolysis and the luteinizing hormone surge, suggesting that the length of proestrus is determined by the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle at the beginning of proestrus. In conclusion, this study shows that the development of ovarian follicles greater than or equal to 5 mm in heifers occurs in waves and that the most common pattern is three waves per estrous cycle.
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              Pattern and manipulation of follicular development in Bos indicus cattle.

              Bos indicus cattle are widespread in tropical regions due to their adaptation to these environments. Although data on reproductive performance have indicated both inferior and superior results for B. indicus cattle, there is little doubt that B. indicus cattle are superior than Bos taurus cattle when they are both kept in tropical or subtropical environments, where stressors like hot temperatures, humidity, ectoparasites and low quality forages are greater. Reproductive endocrinology and oestrus behaviour of the B. indicus cattle have been studied for over 30 years; however, the application of technologies such as real time ultrasonography and Heat-Watch systems has expanded our knowledge on the ovarian follicular-wave dynamics during the oestrous cycle and the time of ovulation. Ovarian follicular dynamics in B. indicus cattle is characterised by the occurrence of two, three or sometimes four waves of follicular development. While dominance is similar to that in B. taurus cattle, maximum diameters of the dominant follicle and CL are smaller than those reported in B. taurus and are probably due to a lower capacity for LH secretion than in B. taurus. Duration of oestrus is approximately 10 h and the interval from oestrus to ovulation is about 27 h. However, the variability in response to prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) treatments and the difficulty for oestrus detection in B. indicus cattle have limited the widespread application of artificial insemination (AI) and emphasizes the need for treatments that control follicular development and ovulation. Follicular-wave development in B. indicus cattle can be controlled mechanically by ultrasound-guided follicle ablation, or hormonally by treatments with GnRH or oestradiol and progestogen/progesterone in combination. Treatments with GnRH plus PGF and a second GnRH (synchronization protocol known as Ovsynch) or oestradiol benzoate (known as GPE) have resulted in acceptable pregnancy rates after fixed-time AI (FTAI) in cycling cows, but results were lower in heifers and cows in postpartum anoestrus. Alternatively, treatments with oestradiol and progestogen/progesterone releasing devices resulted in synchronous emergence of a new follicular wave, and a second oestradiol or GnRH treatment after device removal resulted in synchronous ovulation and acceptable pregnancy rates to FTAI. Furthermore, oestradiol and progesterone treatments combined with eCG (given at the time of device removal) increased pregnancy rates in suckled B. indicus cows and may be useful for the treatment of cows in postpartum anoestrus. In summary, exogenous control of luteal and follicular development facilitates the application of assisted reproductive technologies in B. indicus cattle by offering the possibility of planning AI programs without the necessity of oestrus detection and without sacrificing the overall results.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                av
                Abanico veterinario
                Abanico vet
                Sergio Martínez González (Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico )
                2007-428X
                2448-6132
                December 2023
                : 13
                : e206
                Affiliations
                [1] CDMX orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana orgdiv1Departamento Producción Agrícola y Animal Mexico
                [2] CDMX orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana Mexico
                Article
                S2448-61322023000100603 S2448-6132(23)01300000603
                10.21929/abavet2023.16
                e92c1c10-5962-434b-b486-ad173700bfec

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 February 2022
                : 08 June 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 143, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Revisiones de literatura

                beef cows,synchronization of estrus and ovulation,waves of follicular growth,oestrus cycle,vacas productoras de carne,sincronización de estro y ovulación,olas de crecimiento folicular,ciclo estral

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