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      Brucellosis; Difficulty of Diagnosis in Endemic Areas

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      Journal of Contemporary Medicine
      Cagdas Tip Dergisi: Journal of Contemporary Medicine

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          Abstract

          Introduction: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease distributed worldwide and very important public health problem especially in the developing countries. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical/laboratory findings of brucellosis patients and contribute of coombs testing to diagnosis at Iğdır State Hospital infection diseases and clinical microbiology department. Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty-five brucellosis patients followed up in our clinic between September 2012 and February 2013 were evaluated retrospectively. Demographic characteristics, laboratory findings, diagnostic methods of the patients were presented. Results: The mean age of the patients were 39±15 (18-80) and 59% (n=86) of the patients were female, 41% (n=59) were male. Most frequent risk factors were animal breeding (n=115, 79%) and using underdone milk and milk products (n=98, 69%). Most reported complaints were weakness (92%), arthralgia (89%), sweating (74%), lack of appetite (70%) and fever (68%). Fifty-seven of the brucellosis patients could not diagnosed with standard tube agglutination. Therefore, Coombs test was used for these undiagnosed patients (39%, n=57). Eighty patients were evaluated as acute (55%), 53 as subacute (37%) and 12 as chronic (8%) brucellosis. Conclusions: Brucellosis can affect all organ systems and cause different clinical manifestations. Therefore, difficulties are encountered in the diagnosis of the disease. Brucellosis should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis especially in the endemic regions. When the clinical suspicion exists detailed laboratory evaluation must be performed.

          Abstract

          Giriş: Bruselloz tüm dünyada yaygın olarak görülen zoonotik bir hastalıktır ve özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde çok önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Bu çalışmada, Iğdır Devlet Hastanesi enfeksiyon hastalıkları ve klinik mikrobiyoloji bölümünde bruselloz hastalarının klinik/laboratuvar bulgularının ve coombs testinin tanıya katkısının değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Materyal ve Metod: Eylül 2012-Şubat 2013 tarihleri arasında kliniğimizde izlenen 145 bruselloz hastası geriye dönük olarak değerlendirildi. Hastaların demografik özellikleri, laboratuvar bulguları, tanı yöntemleri sunuldu. Bulgular: Hastaların yaş ortalaması 39±15 (18-80) olup, hastaların %59'u (n=86) kadın, %41'i (n=59) erkekti. En sık görülen risk faktörleri hayvancılık (n=115, %79) ve az pişmiş süt ve süt ürünleri kullanmaktır (n=98, %69). Bildirilen şikayetlerin çoğu halsizlik (%92), artralji (%89), terleme (%74), iştahsızlık (%70) ve ateş (%68) idi. Bruselloz hastalarının 57'sine standart tüp aglütinasyonu tanısı konulamamıştı. Bu nedenle tanı konmamış bu hastalarda Coombs testi kullanıldı (%39, n=57). Seksen hasta akut (%55), 53 hasta subakut (%37) ve 12 hasta kronik (%8) bruselloz olarak değerlendirildi. Sonuç: Bruselloz tüm organ sistemlerini etkileyebilir ve farklı klinik bulgulara neden olabilir. Bu nedenle hastalığın tanısında güçlüklerle karşılaşılmaktadır. Özellikle endemik bölgelerde ayırıcı tanıda bruselloz akılda tutulmalıdır. Klinik şüphe mevcut olduğunda ayrıntılı laboratuvar değerlendirmesi yapılmalıdır.

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          Clinical manifestations and complications in 1028 cases of brucellosis: a retrospective evaluation and review of the literature.

          Brucellosis is the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis worldwide. In this study, we aimed to compare our 1028 brucellosis cases with other big series in the literature in view of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings and therapeutic features. A total of 1028 brucellosis cases admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology over a 10-year period were included in the study. A retrospective analysis was undertaken and patient files were reviewed for history, clinical and laboratory findings, and therapeutic features, as well as complications. Of the 1028 patients, 539 (52.4%) were female and 489 (47.6%) were male. The mean age of patients was 33.7+/-16.34 years and 69.6% of cases were aged 13-44 years. Four hundred and thirty-five cases (42.3%) had a history of raising livestock and 55.2% of the cases were found to have no occupational risk for brucellosis. Six hundred and fifty-four of the cases (63.6%) had a history of raw milk and dairy products consumption. The most frequently seen symptoms were arthralgia (73.7%) and fever (72.2%), while the most common clinical findings were fever (28.8%) and hepatomegaly (20.6%). The most frequent laboratory finding was a high C-reactive protein level (58.4%). The standard tube agglutination (STA) test+Coombs STA test was positive in 1016 cases (98.8%). Focal involvement was present in 371 (36.1%) cases. The most frequent involvement was osteoarticular involvement with 260 cases (25.3%). The overall relapse rate for patients with brucellosis was 4.7%. The highest relapse rate, 8.5%, was observed in the group of patients with osteoarticular involvement. Regimens including doxycycline and streptomycin with or without rifampin appeared more effective than other regimens in osteoarticular involvement. In humans, brucellosis may lead to serious morbidity, and it continues to be a major health problem in Turkey. There is no recommended treatment protocol for complicated brucellosis. Large multicenter studies are needed to determine the most appropriate treatment choices and durations in complicated brucellosis. Copyright 2009 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases.

            We carried out a prospective study of 530 patients older than 14 years of age with brucellosis. We describe the incidence and clinical features of the focal forms of the disease, analyzing some of the possible factors associated with their appearance. One hundred sixty-nine patients (31.9%) had a focal form or complication. Osteoarticular complications were the most frequent, totaling 113 cases (66%), followed by genitourinary with 18 cases (5.1% of males), hepatic (2.5%), neurologic (1.7%), and heart (1.5%). Nine patients (1.7%) had more than 1 complication. In a multivariate analysis, diagnostic delay greater than 30 days (OR 2.0), ESR > 40 mm/hr (OR 1.9), and levels of alpha-2 globulin > 7.5 g/L (OR 6.8) were statistically significant independent variables associated with the presence of focal forms. Twenty-five patients with complications (14.8%) required surgical treatment. The relapse rate was 3.6% for those patients without complications and 4.1% for patients with focal forms (p > 0.05). However, when therapeutic failure, relapses, and mortality were considered together, the risk of an unfavorable evolution was significantly greater in patients with focal forms (10.6% versus 3.6% in patients without complications; OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4-7.1, p < 0.005). Given the worse prognosis, knowledge and early diagnosis of the focal forms of B. melitensis infection is especially important.
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              Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials in the Treatment of Human Brucellosis

              Background Brucellosis is a persistent health problem in many developing countries throughout the world, and the search for simple and effective treatment continues to be of great importance. Methods and Findings A search was conducted in MEDLINE and in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Clinical trials published from 1985 to present that assess different antimicrobial regimens in cases of documented acute uncomplicated human brucellosis were included. The primary outcomes were relapse, therapeutic failure, combined variable of relapse and therapeutic failure, and adverse effect rates. A meta-analysis with a fixed effect model was performed and odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. A random effect model was used when significant heterogeneity between studies was verified. Comparison of combined doxycycline and rifampicin with a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin favors the latter regimen (OR = 3.17; CI95% = 2.05–4.91). There were no significant differences between combined doxycycline-streptomycin and combined doxycycline-gentamicin (OR = 1.89; CI95% = 0.81–4.39). Treatment with rifampicin and quinolones was similar to combined doxycycline-rifampicin (OR = 1.23; CI95% = 0.63–2.40). Only one study assessed triple therapy with aminoglycoside-doxycycline-rifampicin and only included patients with uncomplicated brucellosis. Thus this approach cannot be considered the therapy of choice until further studies have been performed. Combined doxycycline/co-trimoxazole or doxycycline monotherapy could represent a cost-effective alternative in certain patient groups, and further studies are needed in the future. Conclusions Although the preferred treatment in uncomplicated human brucellosis is doxycycline-aminoglycoside combination, other treatments based on oral regimens or monotherapy should not be rejected until they are better studied. Triple therapy should not be considered the current treatment of choice.
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                Author and article information

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                Journal
                Journal of Contemporary Medicine
                Cagdas Tip Dergisi: Journal of Contemporary Medicine
                2667-7180
                March 22 2023
                March 22 2023
                : 13
                : 2
                : 282-287
                Article
                10.16899/jcm.1180677
                e9625be7-9c61-40f6-ad7a-c1f0b31dca74
                © 2023
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