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      Advancements in the Blood–Brain Barrier Penetrating Nanoplatforms for Brain Related Disease Diagnostics and Therapeutic Applications

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          Abstract

          Noninvasive treatments to treat the brain-related disorders have been paying more significant attention and it is an emerging topic. However, overcoming the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a key obstacle to most of the therapeutic drugs to enter into the brain tissue, which significantly results in lower accumulation of therapeutic drugs in the brain. Thus, administering the large quantity/doses of drugs raises more concerns of adverse side effects. Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery systems are seen as potential means of enhancing drug transport across the BBB and to targeted brain tissue. These systems offer more accumulation of therapeutic drugs at the tumor site and prolong circulation time in the blood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and advancements on various nanoplatforms (NF) and discusses the use of nanoparticles for successful cross of BBB to treat the brain-related disorders such as brain tumors, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke.

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          Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

          Dariush Mozaffarian, Emelia Benjamin, Alan S Go … (2015)
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            Nanoparticle-Based Medicines: A Review of FDA-Approved Materials and Clinical Trials to Date

            Daniel Bobo, Kye J. Robinson, Jiaul Islam … (2016)
            In this review we provide an up to date snapshot of nanomedicines either currently approved by the US FDA, or in the FDA clinical trials process. We define nanomedicines as therapeutic or imaging agents which comprise a nanoparticle in order to control the biodistribution, enhance the efficacy, or otherwise reduce toxicity of a drug or biologic. We identified 51 FDA-approved nanomedicines that met this definition and 77 products in clinical trials, with ~40% of trials listed in clinicaltrials.gov started in 2014 or 2015. While FDA approved materials are heavily weighted to polymeric, liposomal, and nanocrystal formulations, there is a trend towards the development of more complex materials comprising micelles, protein-based NPs, and also the emergence of a variety of inorganic and metallic particles in clinical trials. We then provide an overview of the different material categories represented in our search, highlighting nanomedicines that have either been recently approved, or are already in clinical trials. We conclude with some comments on future perspectives for nanomedicines, which we expect to include more actively-targeted materials, multi-functional materials ("theranostics") and more complicated materials that blur the boundaries of traditional material categories. A key challenge for researchers, industry, and regulators is how to classify new materials and what additional testing (e.g. safety and toxicity) is required before products become available.
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              Cell Membrane Coating Nanotechnology

              Ronnie Fang, Ashley Kroll, Weiwei Gao … (2018)
              Nanoparticle-based therapeutic, prevention, and detection modalities have the potential to greatly impact how diseases are diagnosed and managed in the clinic. With the wide range of different nanomaterials available to nanomedicine researchers, the rational design of nanocarriers on an application-specific basis has become increasingly commonplace. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on an emerging platform: cell membrane coating nanotechnology. As one of the most fundamental units in biology, a cell carries out a wide range of functions, including its remarkable ability to interface and interact with its surrounding environment. Instead of attempting to replicate such functions via synthetic techniques, researchers are now directly leveraging naturally derived cell membranes as a means of bestowing nanoparticles with enhanced biointerfacing capabilities. This top-down technique is facile, highly generalizable, and has the potential to greatly augment the potency and safety of existing nanocarriers. Further, the introduction of a natural membrane substrate onto the surface of a nanoparticle has enabled additional applications beyond those already associated with the field of nanomedicine. Despite the relative youth of the cell membrane coating technique, there exists an impressive body of literature on the topic, which will be covered in detail in this review. Overall, there is still significant room for development, as researchers continue to refine existing workflows while finding new and exciting applications that can take advantage of this emerging technology. Cell membrane coating is an emerging nanotechnology. By cloaking nanomaterials in a layer of natural cell membrane, which can be derived from a variety of cell types, it is possible to fabricate nanoplatforms with enhanced surface functionality. This can lead to increased nanoparticle performance in complex biological environments, which can benefit applications like drug delivery, imaging, phototherapies, immunotherapies, and detoxification.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Polymers (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Polymers (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): polymers
                Title: Polymers
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2073-4360
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 December 2020
                Publication date Collection: December 2020
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 3055
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; suresh120689@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111, Taiwan
                [3 ]Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: zfy3@ 123456ulive.pccu.edu.tw (F.-Y.C.); chiralsu@ 123456gmail.com (C.-H.S.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3124-9349
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7441-448X
                Article
                Publisher ID: polymers-12-03055
                DOI: 10.3390/polym12123055
                PMC ID: 7766280
                PubMed ID: 33419339
                SO-VID: e993fb5f-ae03-45d5-9ee5-88d0421f141b
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 01 December 2020
                Date accepted : 16 December 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: nanoparticle,blood brain barrier,brain tumor,parkinson’s disease,alzheimer’s disease,stroke
                Data availability:
                Keywords: nanoparticle, blood brain barrier, brain tumor, parkinson’s disease, alzheimer’s disease, stroke

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