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      Adapted Physical Activity to Ensure the Physical and Psychological Well-Being of COVID-19 Patients

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          Abstract

          The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been responsible for a global pandemic involving massive increases in the daily numbers of cases and deaths. Due to the emergency caused by the pandemic, huge efforts have been made to develop COVID-19 vaccines, the first of which were released in December 2020. Effective vaccines for COVID-19 are needed to protect the population, especially healthcare professionals and fragile individuals, such as older people or chronic-disease-affected patients. Physical exercise training generally has health benefits and assists in the prevention of several chronic diseases. Moreover, physical activity improves mental health by reducing anxiety, depression, and negative mood and improving self-esteem. Therefore, the present review aims to provide a detailed view of the literature, presenting updated evidence on the beneficial effects of adapted physical activity, based on personalized and tailor-made exercise, in preventing, treating, and counteracting the consequences of COVID-19.

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          World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour

          Fiona Bull, Salih Al-Ansari, Stuart Biddle … (2020)
          Objectives To describe new WHO 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Methods The guidelines were developed in accordance with WHO protocols. An expert Guideline Development Group reviewed evidence to assess associations between physical activity and sedentary behaviour for an agreed set of health outcomes and population groups. The assessment used and systematically updated recent relevant systematic reviews; new primary reviews addressed additional health outcomes or subpopulations. Results The new guidelines address children, adolescents, adults, older adults and include new specific recommendations for pregnant and postpartum women and people living with chronic conditions or disability. All adults should undertake 150–300 min of moderate-intensity, or 75–150 min of vigorous-intensity physical activity, or some equivalent combination of moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, per week. Among children and adolescents, an average of 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity across the week provides health benefits. The guidelines recommend regular muscle-strengthening activity for all age groups. Additionally, reducing sedentary behaviours is recommended across all age groups and abilities, although evidence was insufficient to quantify a sedentary behaviour threshold. Conclusion These 2020 WHO guidelines update previous WHO recommendations released in 2010. They reaffirm messages that some physical activity is better than none, that more physical activity is better for optimal health outcomes and provide a new recommendation on reducing sedentary behaviours. These guidelines highlight the importance of regularly undertaking both aerobic and muscle strengthening activities and for the first time, there are specific recommendations for specific populations including for pregnant and postpartum women and people living with chronic conditions or disability. These guidelines should be used to inform national health policies aligned with the WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030 and to strengthen surveillance systems that track progress towards national and global targets.
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            Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages

            Miriam Merad, Jérôme C. Martin, John Lambris (2020)
            The COVID-19 pandemic caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2 has led to more than 200,000 deaths worldwide. Several studies have now established that the hyperinflammatory response induced by SARS-CoV-2 is a major cause of disease severity and death in infected patients. Macrophages are a population of innate immune cells that sense and respond to microbial threats by producing inflammatory molecules that eliminate pathogens and promote tissue repair. However, a dysregulated macrophage response can be damaging to the host, as is seen in the macrophage activation syndrome induced by severe infections, including in infections with the related virus SARS-CoV. Here we describe the potentially pathological roles of macrophages during SARS-CoV-2 infection and discuss ongoing and prospective therapeutic strategies to modulate macrophage activation in patients with COVID-19.
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              Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses

              Yeshun Wu, Xiaolin Xu, Zijun Chen … (2020)
              Highlights • Coronoviruses not only affect the respiratory system, but also have deleterious effects on the central nervous system. • Most neurological diseases could be caused by coronoviruses invasion. • Coronoviruses cause nerve damage via diverse pathways.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Funct Morphol Kinesiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Funct Morphol Kinesiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jfmk
                Title: Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2411-5142
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 January 2021
                Publication date Collection: March 2021
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 13
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy; graziamaugeri@ 123456unict.it
                [2 ]Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
                [3 ]Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: g.musumeci@ 123456unict.it ; Tel.: +39-095-378-2043
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8260-8890
                Article
                Publisher ID: jfmk-06-00013
                DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010013
                PMC ID: 7930972
                PubMed ID: 33572883
                SO-VID: ea7ea9bb-7990-4687-be8c-35bfe07a6b0d
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 November 2020
                Date accepted : 27 January 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: covid-19,prevention,physical activity,inactivity,home-based exercise,mental health,psychological well-being
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, prevention, physical activity, inactivity, home-based exercise, mental health, psychological well-being

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