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      HIV/AIDS stigma at the workplace: Exploratory findings from Pakistan Translated title: La stigmatisation du VIH/Sida sur le lieu de travail: Conclusions préliminaires d'une étude menée au Pakistan

      research-article
      , PhD
      SAHARA J : Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance
      Taylor & Francis
      workplace, PLHA, stigma, psychological contract, organisation cynicism, Lieu de travail, PVVS, stigmatisation, contrat psychologique, cynisme organisationnel

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          Abstract

          People living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) are stigmatised socially. They are devalued and considered like outcasts by having lesser opportunities for education, treatment and housing, and in an organisational context they get reduced opportunities of selection, promotion and income. The phenomena have been extensively researched in developed countries but limited literature addresses the situation in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan, which is also facing spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. There are a number of groups who are carrying the disease but the problems being faced by PLHA employed in different organisations have rarely been analysed. Stigma at the workplace can generate a number of negative outcomes. The present study considers two such outcomes among stigmatised PLHA. These outcomes are organisational cynicism and breach of psychological contract. A questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 174 PLHA, having a work experience after identification of the epidemic, working in different organisations across Pakistan. These PLHA were identified and recruited through a scattered record available with some government/non-government organisations operating in Pakistan to control HIV/AIDS. Findings of the study extend the knowledge about HIV/AIDS stigma indicating that PLHA are subjected to stigma, which is significantly associated with a breach of psychological contract and organisational cynicism. There is a need at governmental and organisational level as well to increase awareness about the disease and formulate policies to reduce stigma against PLHA working in different organisations.

          Translated abstract

          Les personnes vivant avec le VIH/Sida (PVVS) sont socialement stigmatisées. Elles sont dévaluées et considérées comme des parias, disposant d'opportunités d'éducation, de traitement et de logement moindres et, dans un contexte organisationnel, bénéficient d'opportunités de sélection, de promotion et de revenus réduites. Bien que ce phénomène ait fait l'objet de nombreuses études dans les pays développées, un nombre limité de recherches sont consacrées à la situation dans des pays sous-développés comme le Pakistan, qui est également confronté à un élargissement de son épidémie de VIH/Sida. Plusieurs groupes sont porteurs de la maladie, mais les problèmes auxquels les PVVS employées dans différentes organisations font face ont rarement été analysés. La stigmatisation sur le lieu de travail peut donner lieu à divers résultats négatifs. Cette étude se penche sur deux de ces résultats pour les PVVS stigmatisées. Ces résultats sont le cynisme organisationnel et la rupture du contrat psychologique. Un questionnaire a été utilisé afin de rassembler des données à partir d'un échantillon de 174 PVVS, disposant d'une expérience professionnelle suite à l'identification de l'épidémie, et travaillant dans différentes organisations au Pakistan. Ces PVVS ont été identifiées et recrutées par le biais d'un fichier diffusé disponible auprès de certaines organisations gouvernementales/non gouvernementales opérant au Pakistan dans le but de contrôler le VIH/Sida. Les conclusions de l'étude permettent de développer les connaissances sur la stigmatisation associée au VIH/Sida indiquant que les PVVS sont stigmatisées, ceci étant dans psychologique large mesure associé à une rupture du contrat psychosocial et à un cynisme organisationnel. Au niveau gouvernemental comme au niveau des organisations, il est nécessaire d'accroître la sensibilisation sur la maladie et de formuler des politiques pouvant réduire la stigmatisation à l'encontre des PVVS et travaillant dans différentes organisations.

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          Most cited references64

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          Measuring stigma in people with HIV: psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale.

          An instrument to measure the stigma perceived by people with HIV was developed based on the literature on stigma and psychosocial aspects of having HIV. Items surviving two rounds of content review were assembled in a booklet and distributed through HIV-related organizations across the United States. Psychometric analysis was performed on 318 questionnaires returned by people with HIV (19% women, 21% African American, 8% Hispanic). Four factors emerged from exploratory factor analysis: personalized stigma, disclosure concerns, negative self-image, and concern with public attitudes toward people with HIV. Extraction of one higher-order factor provided evidence of a single overall construct. Construct validity also was supported by relationships with related constructs: self-esteem, depression, social support, and social conflict. Coefficient alphas between .90 and .93 for the subscales and .96 for the 40-item instrument provided evidence of internal consistency reliability. The HIV Stigma Scale was reliable and valid with a large, diverse sample of people with HIV. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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            Culture and stigma: adding moral experience to stigma theory.

            Definitions and theoretical models of the stigma construct have gradually progressed from an individualistic focus towards an emphasis on stigma's social aspects. Building on other theorists' notions of stigma as a social, interpretive, or cultural process, this paper introduces the notion of stigma as an essentially moral issue in which stigmatized conditions threaten what is at stake for sufferers. The concept of moral experience, or what is most at stake for actors in a local social world, provides a new interpretive lens by which to understand the behaviors of both the stigmatized and stigmatizers, for it allows an examination of both as living with regard to what really matters and what is threatened. We hypothesize that stigma exerts its core effects by threatening the loss or diminution of what is most at stake, or by actually diminishing or destroying that lived value. We utilize two case examples of stigma--mental illness in China and first-onset schizophrenia patients in the United States--to illustrate this concept. We further utilize the Chinese example of 'face' to illustrate stigma as having dimensions that are moral-somatic (where values are linked to physical experiences) and moral-emotional (values are linked to emotional states). After reviewing literature on how existing stigma theory has led to a predominance of research assessing the individual, we conclude by outlining how the concept of moral experience may inform future stigma measurement. We propose that by identifying how stigma is a moral experience, new targets can be created for anti-stigma intervention programs and their evaluation. Further, we recommend the use of transactional methodologies and multiple perspectives and methods to more fully capture the interpersonal core of stigma as framed by theories of moral experience.
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              Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                SAHARA J
                SAHARA J
                SAHARA J : Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance
                Taylor & Francis
                1729-0376
                1813-4424
                28 February 2012
                2011
                28 February 2012
                : 8
                : 3
                : 156-161
                Affiliations
                Human Resource Management, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University , Islamabad, Pakistan
                Author notes
                Email: profsajid@hotmail.com sabshir@jinnah.edu.pk
                Article
                9724998
                10.1080/17290376.2011.9724998
                11132754
                23237730
                ee5851bc-bd33-43f1-979a-126e0e280a2c
                Copyright Taylor & Francis

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                Research Article
                Original Articles

                workplace,plha,stigma,psychological contract,organisation cynicism,lieu de travail,pvvs,stigmatisation,contrat psychologique,cynisme organisationnel

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