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      A new neutrosophic sign test: An application to COVID-19 data

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          Abstract

          The Sign test is a famous nonparametric test from classical statistics used to assess the one or two sample averages. The test is practical when the sample size is small, or the distributional assumption under a parametric test does not satisfy. One of the limitations of the Sign test is the exact form of the data, and the existing methodology of the test does not cover the interval-valued data. The interval-valued data often comes from the fuzzy logic where the experiment’s information is not sure and possesses some kind of vagueness, uncertainty or indeterminacy. This research proposed a modified version of the Sign test by considering the indeterminate state and the exact form of the data—the newly proposed sign test methodology is designed for both one-sample and two-sample hypothesis testing problems. The performance of the proposed modified versions of the Sign test is evaluated through two real-life data examples comprised of covid-19 reproduction rate and covid-positive daily occupancy in ICU in Pakistan. The findings of the study suggested that our proposed methodologies are suitable in nonparametric decision-making problems with an interval–valued data. Therefore, applying the new neutrosophic sign test is explicitly recommended in biomedical sciences, engineering, and other statistical fields under an indeterminate environment.

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          Scale Effect and Anisotropy Analyzed for Neutrosophic Numbers of Rock Joint Roughness Coefficient Based on Neutrosophic Statistics

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            Expressions of Rock Joint Roughness Coefficient Using Neutrosophic Interval Statistical Numbers

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              Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis

              Statistical methods involved in carrying out a study include planning, designing, collecting data, analysing, drawing meaningful interpretation and reporting of the research findings. The statistical analysis gives meaning to the meaningless numbers, thereby breathing life into a lifeless data. The results and inferences are precise only if proper statistical tests are used. This article will try to acquaint the reader with the basic research tools that are utilised while conducting various studies. The article covers a brief outline of the variables, an understanding of quantitative and qualitative variables and the measures of central tendency. An idea of the sample size estimation, power analysis and the statistical errors is given. Finally, there is a summary of parametric and non-parametric tests used for data analysis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: SoftwareRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Validation
                Role: Data curationRole: Methodology
                Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: SoftwareRole: Validation
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                19 August 2021
                2021
                19 August 2021
                : 16
                : 8
                : e0255671
                Affiliations
                [1 ] College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
                [2 ] Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering—Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                [3 ] Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                [4 ] Department of Statistics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
                University of Defence in Belgrade, SERBIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0644-1950
                Article
                PONE-D-21-13817
                10.1371/journal.pone.0255671
                8376085
                34411111
                ee5bb881-05fd-4196-8af9-bb55a4222559
                © 2021 Sherwani et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 3 June 2021
                : 21 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funded by: king abdulaziz university, saudi arabia
                The article was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the authors thank DSR for their technical and financial support.
                Categories
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                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Diagnostic Medicine
                Virus Testing
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