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      Prebiotic chemistry: a review of nucleoside phosphorylation and polymerization

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      Author(s): 1 , 1 , , 1 , , 1 , 2
      Publication date (Electronic, pub):
      Publication date (Electronic, collection):
      Journal: Open Biology
      Publisher: The Royal Society
      Keywords: nucleoside phosphorylation, origin of life, polymerization, phosphates, minerals

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          The phosphorylation of nucleosides and their polymerization are crucial issues concerning the origin of life. The question of how these plausible chemical processes took place in the prebiotic Earth is still perplexing, despite several studies that have attempted to explain these prebiotic processes. The purpose of this article is to review these chemical reactions with respect to chemical evolution in the primeval Earth. Meanwhile, from our perspective, the chiral properties and selection of biomolecules should be considered in the prebiotic chemical origin of life, which may contribute to further research in this field to some extent.

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          Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in prebiotically plausible conditions.

          Matthew W Powner, Béatrice Gerland, John Sutherland (2009)
          At some stage in the origin of life, an informational polymer must have arisen by purely chemical means. According to one version of the 'RNA world' hypothesis this polymer was RNA, but attempts to provide experimental support for this have failed. In particular, although there has been some success demonstrating that 'activated' ribonucleotides can polymerize to form RNA, it is far from obvious how such ribonucleotides could have formed from their constituent parts (ribose and nucleobases). Ribose is difficult to form selectively, and the addition of nucleobases to ribose is inefficient in the case of purines and does not occur at all in the case of the canonical pyrimidines. Here we show that activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides can be formed in a short sequence that bypasses free ribose and the nucleobases, and instead proceeds through arabinose amino-oxazoline and anhydronucleoside intermediates. The starting materials for the synthesis-cyanamide, cyanoacetylene, glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde and inorganic phosphate-are plausible prebiotic feedstock molecules, and the conditions of the synthesis are consistent with potential early-Earth geochemical models. Although inorganic phosphate is only incorporated into the nucleotides at a late stage of the sequence, its presence from the start is essential as it controls three reactions in the earlier stages by acting as a general acid/base catalyst, a nucleophilic catalyst, a pH buffer and a chemical buffer. For prebiotic reaction sequences, our results highlight the importance of working with mixed chemical systems in which reactants for a particular reaction step can also control other steps.
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            A production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions.

            S Miller (1953)
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              Origin of life: The RNA world

              Walter Gilbert (1986)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xiaofan Guo: Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Songsen Fu: Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Jianxi Ying:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1035-5345
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Yufen Zhao: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Validation
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Open Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Open Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): RSOB
                Journal ID (hwp): royopenbio
                Title: Open Biology
                Publisher: The Royal Society
                ISSN (Electronic): 2046-2441
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): January 11, 2023
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): January 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: January 11, 2023
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 220234
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, , Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
                [ 2 ] Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, , Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People's Republic of China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1035-5345
                Article
                Publisher ID: rsob220234
                DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220234
                PMC ID: 9832566
                PubMed ID: 36629018
                SO-VID: ee73e50f-45ff-4539-8466-bfcdaf7c202e
                Copyright © © 2023 The Authors.
                License:

                Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : September 18, 2022
                Date accepted : December 6, 2022
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                Funding
                Funded by: Ningbo Top Talent Project;
                Award ID: 215-432094250
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 42003062
                Funded by: Scientific Research Grant of Ningbo University;
                Award ID: 215-432000282
                Categories
                Compound subject: 15
                Compound subject: 179
                Compound subject: 129
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Review Articles

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: nucleoside phosphorylation,origin of life,polymerization,phosphates,minerals
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: nucleoside phosphorylation, origin of life, polymerization, phosphates, minerals

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