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      Structural Identification of Oxidized Acyl-Phosphatidylcholines That Induce Platelet Activation

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          Abstract

          Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) generates proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators that may play a crucial role in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. In order to study platelet-activating components of oxidized LDL 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, a representative of the major phospholipid species in LDL, the 1-acyl-phosphatidylcholines (PC), was oxidized by CuCl<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. After separation by high-performance liquid chromatography, three compounds were detected which induced platelet shape change at low micromolar concentrations. Platelet activation by these compounds was distinct from the pathways stimulated by platelet-activating factor, lyso-phosphatidic acid, lyso-PC and thromboxane A<sub>2</sub>, as evidenced by the use of specific receptor antagonists. Further analyses of the oxidized phospholipids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry structurally identified them as 1-stearoyl-2-azelaoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (m/z 694; SAzPC), 1-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl- sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine (m/z 638; SGPC), and 1-stearoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (m/z 622; SOVPC). These observations demonstrate that novel 1-acyl-PC which had previously been found to stimulate interaction of monocytes with endothelial cells also induce platelet activation, a central step in acute thrombogenic and atherogenic processes.

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          Structural identification by mass spectrometry of oxidized phospholipids in minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein that induce monocyte/endothelial interactions and evidence for their presence in vivo.

          Sohvi Hörkkö, Joseph Witztum, J. Berliner … (1997)
          Entry of monocytes into the vessel wall is an important event in atherogenesis. Previous studies from our laboratory suggest that oxidized arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids present in mildly oxidized low density lipoproteins (MM-LDL) can activate endothelial cells to bind monocytes. In this study, biologically active oxidized arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids were produced by autoxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Ox-PAPC) and analyzed by liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in conjuction with biochemical derivatization techniques. We have now determined the molecular structure of two of three molecules present in MM-LDL and Ox-PAPC that induce monocyte-endothelial interactions. These lipids were identified as 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleryl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (m/z 594.3) and 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (m/z 610.2). These two molecules were produced by unambiguous total synthesis and found to be identical by analytical techniques and bioactivity assays to those present in MM-LDL and Ox-PAPC. Evidence for the importance of all three oxidized phospholipids in vivo was suggested by their presence in fatty streak lesions from cholesterol-fed rabbits and by their immunoreactivity with natural antibodies present in ApoE null mice. Overall, these studies suggest that specific oxidized derivatives of arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids may be important initiators of atherogenesis.
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            The role of oxidized lipoproteins in atherogenesis

            Judith Berliner, Jay W. Heinecke (1996)
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              Minimally modified low density lipoprotein stimulates monocyte endothelial interactions.

              A Sevanian, M Esterson, J. Berliner … (1990)
              The effect of minimally modified LDL (MM-LDL) on the ability of large vessel endothelial cells (EC) to interact with monocytes and neutrophils was examined. These LDL preparations, obtained by storage or by mild iron oxidation, were indistinguishable from native LDL to the LDL receptor and were not recognized by the scavenger receptor. Treatment of EC with as little as 0.12 micrograms/ml MM-LDL caused a significant increase in the production of chemotactic factor for monocytes (sevenfold) and increased monocyte binding (three- to fivefold). Monocyte binding was maximal after 4 h of EC exposure to MM-LDL, persisted for 48 h, and was inhibited by cycloheximide. In contrast, neutrophil binding was not increased after 1-24 h of exposure. Activity in the MM-LDL preparations was found primarily in the polar lipid fraction. MM-LDL was toxic for EC from one rabbit but not toxic for the cells from another rabbit or any human umbilical vein EC. The resistant cells became sensitive when incubated with lipoprotein in the presence of cycloheximide, whereas the sensitive strain became resistant when preincubated with sublethal concentrations of MM-LDL. We conclude that exposure of EC to sublethal levels of MM-LDL enhances monocyte endothelial interactions and induces resistance to the toxic effects of MM-LDL.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JVR
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Vasc Res
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1018-1172
                Title: Journal of Vascular Research
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1018-1172
                ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0135
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2005
                Publication date (Print): April 2005
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 April 2005
                Volume: 42
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 120-132
                Affiliations
                aInstitut für Prophylaxe und Epidemiologie der Kreislaufkrankheiten und bMedizinische Poliklinik, Klinikum der Universität München, München, und cMax-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Membranbiochemie, Martinsried, Deutschland
                Article
                Publisher ID: 83461 Other ID: J Vasc Res 2005;42:120–132
                DOI: 10.1159/000083461
                PubMed ID: 15665547
                SO-VID: ee9f5863-429d-4a32-8843-47b7f1067cf4
                Copyright © © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 21 January 2004
                Date accepted : 18 November 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 7, References: 41, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Subject: Research Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General medicine,Neurology,Cardiovascular Medicine,Internal medicine,Nephrology
                Keywords: Phospholipids,Lipid oxidation,Platelets,Low-density lipoprotein,Platelet-activating factor
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General medicine, Neurology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Internal medicine, Nephrology
                Keywords: Phospholipids, Lipid oxidation, Platelets, Low-density lipoprotein, Platelet-activating factor

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