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      Keeping Pace with Changes in Technology and Technique

      review-article
      Blood Purification
      S. Karger AG
      Continuous renal replacement therapy, Hemofiltration, Nursing, Technique, Technology, Intensive care unit, Nephrology

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          Abstract

          The rapidly changing nature of new technologies and techniques in acute health care means it can be difficult keeping pace. Most facilities, large or small, are usually in continuous evaluation of a new technology. Published reviews and professional group guidelines can assist the process of change for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) technologies and techniques. The current techniques and technologies are a mixed application of old and new technologies providing a combination of convective and diffusive solute clearance methods. There are a variety of anticoagulation approaches. New, purpose-built CRRT machines offer many advantages over old technology but their costs can be prohibitive and users do not always meet them with rapid behavioral change. Reading journal publications and texts, scientific meetings, education and training, Internet web site review/participation, quality improvement activities and an accurate local data base are the keys to keeping pace with changes and identifying whether a benefit can be anticipated and demonstrated. Possible changes for the future of techniques and technologies may be in the areas of modified approaches to continuous therapy with tailored approaches for specific patient care settings. Improved membrane characteristics for wider indications and the bio-artificial kidney are emerging along with blood pump and circuit design improvements, with new machine/operator interfaces.

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          Analysis of the Influence of the Infusion Site on Dialyser Clearances Measured in an in vitro System Mimicking Haemodialysis and Haemodiafiltration

          Background: Blood flow (Q B ), dialysate flow (Q D ), and dialyser characteristics are the three major factors driving dialysis efficacy. Haemodiafiltration has added an increased convective volume to increase efficacy. We aimed to assess the influence of the infusion site of the replacement fluid in an in vitro system emulating haemodiafiltration. Methods: An in vitro system allowing us to control the dialysate temperature, concentration gradient, the flow of both dialyser sides over a range wider than that compatible with clinic, was set to evaluate the influence of the different parameters on dialysis efficacy. The total ion clearance was used as an accepted method for small molecule clearance assessment. Cellulose triacetate (CT190C, Baxter; FB170U, Nipro) and polysulfone (HF80, Fresenius) dialysers were included in the study. Dialysis as well as on-line diafiltration both with pre- and postdilutional infusion were assessed. The experimental conditions presented in this study included Q D 620 and 970 ml/min. The convective flows ranged from 50 to 200 ml/min. Results: For a Q D = 620 ml/min and a Q B = 350 ml/min the total ion clearance ranged from 269 to 274 for HF80, from 291 to 294 for FB170 and from 294 to 302 for CT190. The variability of the measurements was very low (SD B was raised from 300 to 400 ml/min. Increasing Q D from 420 to 970 ml/min (for Q B = 350 ml/min), resulted in an increase in total ion clearance which was more marked at lower Q D (from 420 to 620 ml/min) and plateaued thereafter (from 620 to 970 ml/min). Postdilutional on-line diafiltration with 100 ml/min of infusate resulted in an additional increase in total ion clearance of 5.4–8.6%. This increase was proportional to the infused volume. On the contrary, predilutional on-line diafiltration resulted in a decrease in total ion clearance which was also proportional to the infused volume (between –5.1 and –6.9% at 100 ml/min infusion volume and –9.7 to –12.9% at 200 ml/min). Conclusions: The present in vitro system provided accurate and reproducible results on dialyser clearances. Our experiments confirmed previous studies on the influence of Q B and Q D on dialyser efficacy. Further, they show that the proportional increase in postdilutional on-line diafiltration is lesser than that previously reported. More importantly, they also show that pre-dilution infusion in high efficiency systems results in a drop in dialyser clearance compared to dialysis alone, again proportional to the infusion rate. Thus, increasing the convective flow may increase dialysis efficacy even more than increasing Q D alone. However, the choice of infusion site is crucial to obtaining this benefit in small molecule clearances.
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            Author and article information

            Journal
            BPU
            Blood Purif
            10.1159/issn.0253-5068
            Blood Purification
            S. Karger AG
            978-3-8055-7371-9
            978-3-318-00812-8
            0253-5068
            1421-9735
            2002
            2002
            27 February 2002
            : 20
            : 3
            : 269-274
            Affiliations
            Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
            Article
            47019 Blood Purif 2002;20:269–274
            10.1159/000047019
            11867874
            eecfa404-c891-467c-83a0-69791c75ae37
            © 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel

            Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

            History
            Page count
            Figures: 2, Tables: 1, References: 16, Pages: 6
            Categories
            Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on CRRT

            Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
            Intensive care unit,Hemofiltration,Continuous renal replacement therapy,Technology,Nursing,Nephrology,Technique

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