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      Reclassifying the spectrum of septic patients using lactate: severe sepsis, cryptic shock, vasoplegic shock and dysoxic shock Translated title: Reclassificando o espectro de pacientes sépticos com o uso do lactato: sepse grave, choque críptico, choque vasoplégico e choque disóxico

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The current definition of severe sepsis and septic shock includes a heterogeneous profile of patients. Although the prognostic value of hyperlactatemia is well established, hyperlactatemia is observed in patients with and without shock. The present study aimed to compare the prognosis of septic patients by stratifying them according to two factors: hyperlactatemia and persistent hypotension.

          Methods

          The present study is a secondary analysis of an observational study conducted in ten hospitals in Brazil ( Rede Amil - SP). Septic patients with initial lactate measurements in the first 6 hours of diagnosis were included and divided into 4 groups according to hyperlactatemia (lactate >4mmol/L) and persistent hypotension: (1) severe sepsis (without both criteria); (2) cryptic shock (hyperlactatemia without persistent hypotension); (3) vasoplegic shock (persistent hypotension without hyperlactatemia); and (4) dysoxic shock (both criteria).

          Results

          In total, 1,948 patients were analyzed, and the sepsis group represented 52% of the patients, followed by 28% with vasoplegic shock, 12% with dysoxic shock and 8% with cryptic shock. Survival at 28 days differed among the groups (p<0.001). Survival was highest among the severe sepsis group (69%, p<0.001 versus others), similar in the cryptic and vasoplegic shock groups (53%, p=0.39), and lowest in the dysoxic shock group (38%, p<0.001 versus others). In the adjusted analysis, the survival at 28 days remained different among the groups (p<0.001) and the dysoxic shock group exhibited the highest hazard ratio (HR=2.99, 95%CI 2.21-4.05).

          Conclusion

          The definition of sepsis includes four different profiles if we consider the presence of hyperlactatemia. Further studies are needed to better characterize septic patients, to understand the etiology and to design adequate targeted treatments.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo

          A definição atual de sepse grave e choque séptico inclui um perfil heterogêneo de pacientes. Embora o valor prognóstico de hiperlactatemia seja bem estabelecido, ela está presente em pacientes com ou sem choque. Nosso objetivo foi comparar o prognóstico de pacientes sépticos estratificando-os segundo dois fatores: hiperlactatemia e hipotensão persistente.

          Métodos

          Este estudo é uma análise secundária de um estudo observacional conduzido em dez hospitais no Brasil (Rede Amil - SP). Pacientes sépticos com valor inicial de lactato das primeiras 6 horas do diagnóstico foram incluídos e divididos em 4 grupos segundo hiperlactatemia (lactato >4mmol/L) e hipotensão persistente: (1) sepse grave (sem ambos os critérios); (2) choque críptico (hiperlactatemia sem hipotensão persistente); (3) choque vasoplégico (hipotensão persistente sem hiperlactatemia); e (4) choque disóxico (ambos os critérios).

          Resultados

          Foram analisados 1.948 pacientes, e o grupo sepse grave constituiu 52% dos pacientes, seguido por 28% com choque vasoplégico, 12% choque disóxico e 8% com choque críptico. A sobrevida em 28 dias foi diferente entre os grupos (p<0,001), sendo maior para o grupo sepse grave (69%; p<0,001 versus outros), semelhante entre choque críptico e vasoplégico (53%; p=0,39) e menor para choque disóxico (38%; p<0,001 versus outros). Em análise ajustada, a sobrevida em 28 dias permaneceu diferente entre os grupos (p<0,001), sendo a maior razão de risco para o grupo choque disóxico (HR=2,99; IC95% 2,21-4,05).

          Conclusão

          A definição de pacientes com sepse inclui quatro diferentes perfis, se considerarmos a presença de hiperlactatemia. Novos estudos são necessários para melhor caracterizar pacientes sépticos e gerar conhecimento epidemiológico, além de possível adequação de tratamentos dirigidos.

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          Most cited references63

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          Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock

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            Clinical use of lactate monitoring in critically ill patients

            Increased blood lactate levels (hyperlactataemia) are common in critically ill patients. Although frequently used to diagnose inadequate tissue oxygenation, other processes not related to tissue oxygenation may increase lactate levels. Especially in critically ill patients, increased glycolysis may be an important cause of hyperlactataemia. Nevertheless, the presence of increased lactate levels has important implications for the morbidity and mortality of the hyperlactataemic patients. Although the term lactic acidosis is frequently used, a significant relationship between lactate and pH only exists at higher lactate levels. The term lactate associated acidosis is therefore more appropriate. Two recent studies have underscored the importance of monitoring lactate levels and adjust treatment to the change in lactate levels in early resuscitation. As lactate levels can be measured rapidly at the bedside from various sources, structured lactate measurements should be incorporated in resuscitation protocols.
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              Metabolic acidosis in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: a longitudinal quantitative study.

              To describe the composition of metabolic acidosis in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock at intensive care unit admission and throughout the first 5 days of intensive care unit stay. Prospective, observational study. Twelve-bed intensive care unit. Sixty patients with either severe sepsis or septic shock. None. Data were collected until 5 days after intensive care unit admission. We studied the contribution of inorganic ion difference, lactate, albumin, phosphate, and strong ion gap to metabolic acidosis. At admission, standard base excess was -6.69 +/- 4.19 mEq/L in survivors vs. -11.63 +/- 4.87 mEq/L in nonsurvivors (p < .05); inorganic ion difference (mainly resulting from hyperchloremia) was responsible for a decrease in standard base excess by 5.64 +/- 4.96 mEq/L in survivors vs. 8.94 +/- 7.06 mEq/L in nonsurvivors (p < .05); strong ion gap was responsible for a decrease in standard base excess by 4.07 +/- 3.57 mEq/L in survivors vs. 4.92 +/- 5.55 mEq/L in nonsurvivors with a nonsignificant probability value; and lactate was responsible for a decrease in standard base excess to 1.34 +/- 2.07 mEq/L in survivors vs. 1.61 +/- 2.25 mEq/L in nonsurvivors with a nonsignificant probability value. Albumin had an important alkalinizing effect in both groups; phosphate had a minimal acid-base effect. Acidosis in survivors was corrected during the study period as a result of a decrease in lactate and strong ion gap levels, whereas nonsurvivors did not correct their metabolic acidosis. In addition to Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and serum creatinine level,inorganic ion difference acidosis magnitude at intensive care unit admission was independently associated with a worse outcome. Patients with severe sepsis and septic shock exhibit a complex metabolic acidosis at intensive care unit admission, caused predominantly by hyperchloremic acidosis,which was more pronounced in nonsurvivors. Acidosis resolution in survivors was attributable to a decrease in strong ion gap and lactate levels.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva
                Associação Brasileira de Medicina intensiva
                0103-507X
                1982-4335
                Oct-Dec 2013
                : 25
                : 4
                : 270-278
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Paulistano - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
                [2 ] Intensive Care Unit, Discipline of Clinical Emergency, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
                [3 ] Latin American Sepsis Institute - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
                [4 ] Discipline of Anesthesiology, Pain and Intensive Care, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Otavio Tavares Ranzani, Departamento de Cuidados Críticos - Rede AMIL, Rua Martiniano de Carvalho, 741, Zip code: 01321-001 - São Paulo (SP), Brazil. E-mail: otavioranzani@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                Article
                10.5935/0103-507X.20130047
                4031869
                24553507
                ef8ef067-bd34-4fdf-bb65-d8e5afa4e913

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 12 October 2013
                : 28 November 2013
                Categories
                Original Article

                infection,sepsis,shock,lactic acid
                infection, sepsis, shock, lactic acid

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