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      Bacteria-selective synergism between the antimicrobial peptides alpha-helical magainin 2 and cyclic beta-sheet tachyplesin I: toward cocktail therapy.

      Biochemistry
      Adult, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, pharmacology, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides, Binding Sites, Cell Membrane, physiology, Circular Dichroism, DNA-Binding Proteins, Drug Synergism, Erythrocytes, drug effects, Female, Fluoresceins, metabolism, Gram-Negative Bacteria, growth & development, Gram-Positive Bacteria, Hemolysis, Horseshoe Crabs, Humans, Magainins, Peptides, Cyclic, Phospholipids, Protein Conformation, Skin, Xenopus Proteins, Xenopus laevis

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          Abstract

          Magainin 2 and tachyplesin I (T-SS) are membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides discovered from frog skin and horseshoe crab hemolymph, respectively. They are classified into different secondary structural classes, i.e., alpha-helix and cyclic beta-sheet, respectively. We found that F5W-magainin 2 (MG2) and T-SS exhibited marked synergistic effects against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria without enhancing hemolytic activity as a measure of toxicity. Dye release experiments using liposomes suggested that the selective synergism is mainly due to anionic phospholipid-specific synergism in membrane permeabilization. Furthermore, the cyclic structure of T-SS was found to be necessary for synergism because a linear analogue of T-SS did not show good synergism with MG2. These novel observations suggested the possibility of the development of cocktail therapeutic regimens using combinations of antimicrobial peptides.

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