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      Harassment in the Field of Medicine: Cultural Barriers to Psychological Safety

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      , MD, MSc a , , MD, MSc b , c , d ,
      CJC Open
      Elsevier

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          Abstract

          Psychologically safe organizational cultures are inherently inclusive and promote healthy sharing of power and knowledge. These conditions allow innovation to thrive and optimize member performance. Unfortunately, despite its evidence-based nature, the field of medicine continues to struggle with providing safe environments for its members. Several cultural barriers to psychological safety permit endemic harassment. These include having large power gradients, a weak ethical climate, and a number of enabling structural factors that maintain a toxic culture. Moving toward psychological safety will be challenging work, as it requires a difficult and complex analysis of the shared value system that enables the status quo. Programs and policies that promote equity, diversity, and inclusion are an important start, but they are likely insufficient on their own to achieve psychological safety. Leadership that models difficult reflection and supports inclusive transformation is the key to a safe culture shift.

          Résumé

          Les cultures organisationnelles qui favorisent la sécurité psychologique sont intrinsèquement inclusives et favorisent le partage sain du pouvoir et des connaissances. Ces conditions sont un terreau fertile pour l’innovation et l’optimisation du rendement. Malheureusement, bien qu’elle soit par sa nature même fondée sur des données probantes, la médecine est un domaine où l’on peine encore à offrir un environnement sécuritaire. Plusieurs obstacles culturels à la sécurité psychologique permettent un harcèlement endémique, notamment les grands écarts hiérarchiques, un climat éthique déficient et un certain nombre de facteurs structurels favorables au maintien d’une culture toxique. Le cheminement vers la sécurité psychologique est une gageure, car il exige une analyse complexe et difficile du système de valeurs partagées qui donne lieu au statu quo. La mise en place de programmes et de politiques axés sur l’équité, la diversité et l’inclusion constitue un premier pas important, mais ne suffira probablement pas à assurer la sécurité psychologique. Un leadership qui s’engage ouvertement dans une réflexion difficile et soutient une transformation inclusive est la clé du passage à une culture sécuritaire.

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          Most cited references39

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          Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work

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            Discrimination, Abuse, Harassment, and Burnout in Surgical Residency Training

            Physicians, particularly trainees and those in surgical subspecialties, are at risk for burnout. Mistreatment (i.e., discrimination, verbal or physical abuse, and sexual harassment) may contribute to burnout and suicidal thoughts. A cross-sectional national survey of general surgery residents administered with the 2018 American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination assessed mistreatment, burnout (evaluated with the use of the modified Maslach Burnout Inventory), and suicidal thoughts during the past year. We used multivariable logistic-regression models to assess the association of mistreatment with burnout and suicidal thoughts. The survey asked residents to report their gender. Among 7409 residents (99.3% of the eligible residents) from all 262 surgical residency programs, 31.9% reported discrimination based on their self-identified gender, 16.6% reported racial discrimination, 30.3% reported verbal or physical abuse (or both), and 10.3% reported sexual harassment. Rates of all mistreatment measures were higher among women; 65.1% of the women reported gender discrimination and 19.9% reported sexual harassment. Patients and patients’ families were the most frequent sources of gender discrimination (as reported by 43.6% of residents) and racial discrimination (47.4%), whereas attending surgeons were the most frequent sources of sexual harassment (27.2%) and abuse (51.9%). Proportion of residents reporting mistreatment varied considerably among residency programs (e.g., ranging from 0 to 66.7% for verbal abuse). Weekly burnout symptoms were reported by 38.5% of residents, and 4.5% reported having had suicidal thoughts during the past year. Residents who reported exposure to discrimination, abuse, or harassment at least a few times per month were more likely than residents with no reported mistreatment exposures to have symptoms of burnout (odds ratio, 2.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.58 to 3.36) and suicidal thoughts (odds ratio, 3.07; 95% CI, 2.25 to 4.19). Although models that were not adjusted for mistreatment showed that women were more likely than men to report burnout symptoms (42.4% vs. 35.9%; odds ratio, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.48), the difference was no longer evident after the models were adjusted for mistreatment (odds ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.00). Mistreatment occurs frequently among general surgery residents, especially women, and is associated with burnout and suicidal thoughts.
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              Addressing disparities in academic medicine: what of the minority tax?

              Background The proportion of black, Latino, and Native American faculty in U.S. academic medical centers has remained almost unchanged over the last 20 years. Some authors credit the "minority tax"—the burden of extra responsibilities placed on minority faculty in the name of diversity. This tax is in reality very complex, and a major source of inequity in academic medicine. Discussion The “minority tax” is better described as an Underrepresented Minority in Medicine (URMM) faculty responsibility disparity. This disparity is evident in many areas: diversity efforts, racism, isolation, mentorship, clinical responsibilities, and promotion. Summary The authors examine the components of the URMM responsibility disparity and use information from the medical literature and from human resources to suggest practical steps that can be taken by academic leaders and policymakers to move toward establishing faculty equity and thus increase the numbers of black, Latino, and Native American faculty in academic medicine.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                Elsevier
                2589-790X
                23 September 2021
                December 2021
                23 September 2021
                : 3
                : 12 Suppl
                : S174-S179
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
                [b ]Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                [c ]Department of Cardiac Science Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                [d ]Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author: Dr Doreen Rabi, 3280 Hospital Dr, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada. doreen.rabi@ 123456AHS.ca
                Article
                S2589-790X(21)00249-3
                10.1016/j.cjco.2021.08.018
                8712706
                34993446
                eff6f9ee-b62b-4082-9387-15b98ae990df
                © 2021 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 22 June 2021
                : 25 August 2021
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