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      A new early Eocene deperetellid tapiroid illuminates the origin of Deperetellidae and the pattern of premolar molarization in Perissodactyla

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          Abstract

          Deperetellidae is a clade of peculiar, Asian endemic tapiroids from the early and middle Eocene. The previously published material mainly comprises maxillae, mandibles, and some postcranial elements. However, the absence of cranial materials and primitive representatives of the deperetellids obscures their phylogenetic relationships within Tapiroidea. Furthermore, derived deperetellids have completely molarized premolars, but the pattern of their evolution remains unclear. Here, we report a nearly complete skull and some carpals of a new basal deperetellid tapiroid, Irenolophus qii gen. et sp. nov., from the late early Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. We suggest that deperetellids (along with Tapiridae) probably also arose from some basal ‘helaletids’, based on the reduced, flat, lingually depressed metacones on the upper molars, the trend towards the bilophodonty on the lower molars, and a shallow narial notch with the premaxilla in contact with the nasal. The molarization of the premolars in Deperetellidae from Irenolophus through Teleolophus to Deperetella was initiated and gradually enhanced by the separation between the paraconule and the protocone. That pattern differs from the protocone-hypocone separation in helaletids, tapirids, and most rhinoceroses, and the metaconule-derived pseudohypocone in amynodontids. However, the specific relationship of deperetellids within Tapiroidea and the roles of different patterns of premolar molarization in perissodactyl evolution need further and comprehensive study.

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          The hypocone as a key innovation in mammalian evolution.

          The hypocone, a cusp added to the primitively triangular upper molar teeth of therian mammals, has evolved convergently > 20 times among mammals during the Cenozoic. Acquisition of the hypocone itself involves little phenotypic change, but subsequent diversification of groups possessing the hypocone may be greatly enhanced. Our analysis of the Cenozoic mammalian radiations, including the Recent fauna, shows that high species diversity of mammals with hypocones and association of the hypocone with herbivory strongly support recognition of the hypocone as a key innovation that has allowed invasion of, and diversification within, herbivorous adaptive zones. In contrast, mammals lacking hypocones show no marked increase in species diversity during the Cenozoic.
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            The principles o f classification and a classification of Mammals. By George Gaylord Simpson. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, vo1. 85, xvi + 350 pp., 1945

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              Replaying evolutionary transitions from the dental fossil record.

              The evolutionary relationships of extinct species are ascertained primarily through the analysis of morphological characters. Character inter-dependencies can have a substantial effect on evolutionary interpretations, but the developmental underpinnings of character inter-dependence remain obscure because experiments frequently do not provide detailed resolution of morphological characters. Here we show experimentally and computationally how gradual modification of development differentially affects characters in the mouse dentition. We found that intermediate phenotypes could be produced by gradually adding ectodysplasin A (EDA) protein in culture to tooth explants carrying a null mutation in the tooth-patterning gene Eda. By identifying development-based character inter-dependencies, we show how to predict morphological patterns of teeth among mammalian species. Finally, in vivo inhibition of sonic hedgehog signalling in Eda null teeth enabled us to reproduce characters deep in the rodent ancestry. Taken together, evolutionarily informative transitions can be experimentally reproduced, thereby providing development-based expectations for character-state transitions used in evolutionary studies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Resources
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                8 November 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 11
                : e0225045
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
                [2 ] CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenviroment, Beijing, China
                [3 ] State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
                [4 ] Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States of America
                [5 ] Earth and Environmental Sciences, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, United States of America
                [6 ] College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
                Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, BELGIUM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4394-8689
                Article
                PONE-D-19-22591
                10.1371/journal.pone.0225045
                6839866
                31703104
                f00c5efd-0ad7-49ec-a9d9-40f5240d8110
                © 2019 Bai et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 16 August 2019
                : 28 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 4, Pages: 26
                Funding
                Funded by: the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences
                Award ID: XDB26000000
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 41672014
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 41572021
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 41472003
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS)
                Award ID: 163103
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004739, Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences;
                Award ID: 2017101
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: the Special Fund for Fossil Excavation and Preparation, CAS
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Frick Funds from the Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History
                Award Recipient :
                This work was funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB26000000 to ZQZ), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41672014 to BB, 41572021 to YQW, 41472003 to ZQZ), State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS) (163103 to BB), Youth Innovation Promotion Association, CAS (2017101 to BB), the Special Fund for Fossil Excavation and Preparation, CAS, and Frick Funds from the Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Geologic Time
                Cenozoic Era
                Paleogene Period
                Eocene Epoch
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
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