Prevalence of Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, Insomnia, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Psychological Distress among Populations Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Highlights

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  Infectious disease outbreaks are associated with mental health symptoms and disorders

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  Pooled prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and psychological distress were 15.97%, 15.15%, 23,87%, 21.94%, and 13.29%, respectively

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  No significant differences were observed for gender, geographical regions, and healthcare workers (except for insomnia, which was more prevalent among healthcare workers)

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  This study provides findings that will guide research and the development of better mental health programs during and after the pandemic

Abstract

Objective

. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and Psychological distress (PD) related to COVID-19 among affected populations.

Methods

. We searched articles in Medline, Embase, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. Random-effects meta-analyses on the proportions of individuals with symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and PD were generated and between-group differences for gender, healthcare workers (HCWs), and regions where studies were conducted.

Results

. A total of 2189 articles were screened, 136 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Fifty-five peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis ( N=189,159). The prevalence of depression ( k=46) was 15.97% (95%CI, 13.24-19.13). The prevalence of anxiety ( k=54) was 15.15% (95%CI, 12.29-18.54). The prevalence of insomnia ( k=14) was 23.87% (95%CI, 15.74-34.48). The prevalence of PTSD (k=13) was 21.94% (95%CI, 9.37-43.31). Finally, the prevalence of psychological distress (k=19) was 13.29% (95%CI, 8.80-19.57). Between-group differences were only found in HCWs ( z=2.69, p < .05) who had a higher prevalence of insomnia than others.

Conclusions

. Findings suggest that the short-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 are equally high across affected countries, and across gender. However, reports of insomnia are significantly higher among HCWs than the general population.