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      Engineered Extracellular Vesicles as a Reliable Tool in Cancer Nanomedicine

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Fast diagnosis and more efficient therapies for cancer surely represent one of the huge tasks for the worldwide researchers’ and clinicians’ community. In the last two decades, our understanding of the biology and molecular pathology of cancer mechanisms, coupled with the continuous development of the material science and technological compounds, have successfully improved nanomedicine applications in oncology. This review argues on nanomedicine application of engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) in oncology. All the most innovative processes of EVs engineering are discussed together with the related degree of applicability for each one of them in cancer nanomedicines.

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          Nanoparticles in medicine: therapeutic applications and developments.

          L. Zhang, F. Gu, J M Chan … (2008)
          Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter generally in the 1-100 nm dimension range. The application of nanotechnology to medicine, known as nanomedicine, concerns the use of precisely engineered materials at this length scale to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties, such as ultra small size, large surface area to mass ratio, and high reactivity, which are different from bulk materials of the same composition. These properties can be used to overcome some of the limitations found in traditional therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
          Article 0 comments Cited 508 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Dynamic biodistribution of extracellular vesicles in vivo using a multimodal imaging reporter.

            Charles P. Lai, Osama Mardini, Maria Ericsson … (2014)
            Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles released by normal and diseased cells as a novel form of intercellular communication and can serve as an effective therapeutic vehicle for genes and drugs. Yet, much remains unknown about the in vivo properties of EVs such as tissue distribution, blood levels, and urine clearance, important parameters that will define their therapeutic effectiveness and potential toxicity. Here we combined Gaussia luciferase and metabolic biotinylation to create a sensitive EV reporter (EV-GlucB) for multimodal imaging in vivo, as well as monitoring of EV levels in the organs and biofluids ex vivo after administration of EVs. Bioluminescence and fluorescence-mediated tomography imaging on mice displayed a predominant localization of intravenously administered EVs in the spleen followed by the liver. Monitoring EV signal in the organs, blood, and urine further revealed that the EVs first undergo a rapid distribution phase followed by a longer elimination phase via hepatic and renal routes within six hours, which are both faster than previously reported using dye-labeled EVs. Moreover, we demonstrate systemically injected EVs can be delivered to tumor sites within an hour following injection. Altogether, we show the EVs are dynamically processed in vivo with accurate spatiotemporal resolution and target a number of normal organs as well as tumors with implications for disease pathology and therapeutic design.
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              In Vivo Imaging Reveals Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Phenocopying of Metastatic Behavior

              Anoek Zomer, Carrie Maynard, Frederik Johannes Verweij … (2015)
              Summary Most cancer cells release heterogeneous populations of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In vitro experiments showed that EV uptake can lead to transfer of functional mRNA and altered cellular behavior. However, similar in vivo experiments remain challenging because cells that take up EVs cannot be discriminated from non-EV-receiving cells. Here, we used the Cre-LoxP system to directly identify tumor cells that take up EVs in vivo. We show that EVs released by malignant tumor cells are taken up by less malignant tumor cells located within the same and within distant tumors and that these EVs carry mRNAs involved in migration and metastasis. By intravital imaging, we show that the less malignant tumor cells that take up EVs display enhanced migratory behavior and metastatic capacity. We postulate that tumor cells locally and systemically share molecules carried by EVs in vivo and that this affects cellular behavior.
              Article 0 comments Cited 385 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cancers (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cancers (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cancers
                Title: Cancers
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6694
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 December 2019
                Publication date Collection: December 2019
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1979
                Affiliations
                Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; francesca.susa@ 123456polito.it (F.S.); tania.limongi@ 123456polito.it (T.L.); bianca.dumontel@ 123456polito.it (B.D.); veronica.vighetto@ 123456polito.it (V.V.)
                Author notes
                [†]

                Equal contribution.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5510-5561
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2382-1533
                Article
                Publisher ID: cancers-11-01979
                DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121979
                PMC ID: 6966613
                PubMed ID: 31835327
                SO-VID: f2a536c9-cd5e-4ed3-990a-2785168ffc7b
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 14 November 2019
                Date accepted : 04 December 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: extracellular vesicles,exosomes,chemico-physical functionalization,loading,cancer,nanomedicine,translational medicine,nanotechnology: bioengineering
                Data availability:
                Keywords: extracellular vesicles, exosomes, chemico-physical functionalization, loading, cancer, nanomedicine, translational medicine, nanotechnology: bioengineering

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