Insights into the antiviral activity of phospholipases A ₂ (PLA ₂s) from snake venoms

Abstract

Viruses are associated with several human diseases that infect a large number of individuals, hence directly affecting global health and economy. Owing to the lack of efficient vaccines, antiviral therapy and emerging resistance strains, many viruses are considered as a potential threat to public health. Therefore, researches have been developed to identify new drug candidates for future treatments. Among them, antiviral research based on natural molecules is a promising approach. Phospholipases A ₂ (PLA ₂s) isolated from snake venom have shown significant antiviral activity against some viruses such as Dengue virus, Human Immunodeficiency virus, Hepatitis C virus and Yellow fever virus, and have emerged as an attractive alternative strategy for the development of novel antiviral therapy. Thus, this review provides an overview of remarkable findings involving PLA ₂s from snake venom that possess antiviral activity, and discusses the mechanisms of action mediated by PLA ₂s against different stages of virus replication cycle. Additionally, molecular docking simulations were performed by interacting between phospholipids from Dengue virus envelope and PLA ₂s from Bothrops asper snake venom. Studies on snake venom PLA ₂s highlight the potential use of these proteins for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.