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      Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection among Pregnant Women Receiving Ante-Natal Care in a Traditional Birth Home in Benin City, Nigeria

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          Abstract

          Background

          A good proportion of pregnant women patronize traditional birth homes in Nigeria for ante-natal care. This study aimed at determining the prevalence, risk factors, and susceptibility profile of etiologic agents of urinary tract infection among ante-natal attendees in a traditional birth home in Benin City, Nigeria.

          Methods

          Clean-catch urine was collected from 220 pregnant women attending a traditional birth home in Benin City, Nigeria. Urine samples were processed, and microbial isolates identified using standard bacteriological procedures. A cross-sectional study design was used.

          Results

          The prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women was 55.0%, significantly affected by parity and gestational age (P<0.05). Mixed infection was recorded among 13(10.7%) pregnant women, and was unaffected by maternal age, parity, gravidity, gestational age, and educational status. Irrespective of trimester Escherichia coli was the most prevalent etiologic agent of urinary tract infection, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. The flouroquinolones were the most effective antibacterial agents, while Sulphamethoxazole-trimetoprim, Amoxicillin, Nalidixic acid, and Nitrofurantoin had poor activity against uropathogens isolated.

          Conclusions

          The prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women was 55.0% and significantly affected by gestational age and parity. The most prevalent etiologic agent observed was Escherichia coli. With the exception of the flouroquinolones, aminoglycoside, and Amoxicillin-cluvanate, the activity of other antibiotics used on uropathogens were poor. Health education of the traditional birth attendant and her clients by relevant intervention agencies is strongly advocated.

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          Is Open Access

          Determinants of use of maternal health services in Nigeria - looking beyond individual and household factors

          Stella Babalola, Adesegun Olayiwola Fatusi, Mireille Van Poppel (2009)
          Background Utilization of maternal health services is associated with improved maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Considering global and national interests in the Millennium Development Goal and Nigeria's high level of maternal mortality, understanding the factors affecting maternal health use is crucial. Studies on the use of maternal care services have largely overlooked community and other contextual factors. This study examined the determinants of maternal services utilization in Nigeria, with a focus on individual, household, community and state-level factors. Methods Data from the 2005 National HIV/AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey - an interviewer-administered nationally representative survey - were analyzed to identify individual, household and community factors that were significantly associated with utilization of maternal care services among 2148 women who had a baby during the five years preceding the survey. In view of the nested nature of the data, we used multilevel analytic methods and assessed state-level random effects. Results Approximately three-fifths (60.3%) of the mothers used antenatal services at least once during their most recent pregnancy, while 43.5% had skilled attendants at delivery and 41.2% received postnatal care. There are commonalities and differences in the predictors of the three indicators of maternal health service utilization. Education is the only individual-level variable that is consistently a significant predictor of service utilization, while socio-economic level is a consistent significant predictor at the household level. At the community level, urban residence and community media saturation are consistently strong predictors. In contrast, some factors are significant in predicting one or more of the indicators of use but not for all. These inconsistent predictors include some individual level variables (the woman's age at the birth of the last child, ethnicity, the notion of ideal family size, and approval of family planning), a community-level variable (prevalence of the small family norm in the community), and a state-level variable (ratio of PHC to the population). Conclusion Factors influencing maternal health services utilization operate at various levels - individual, household, community and state. Depending on the indicator of maternal health services, the relevant determinants vary. Effective interventions to promote maternal health service utilization should target the underlying individual, household, community and policy-level factors. The interventions should reflect the relative roles of the various underlying factors.
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            Reasons given by pregnant women for late initiation of antenatal care in the niger delta, Nigeria.

            E P Ndidi, Gabriel O Igberase, P Ebeigbe … (2010)
            Many studies show that the vast majority of Nigerian women register for antenatal care late and that the determinants may differ from those found in developed countries. To determine the reasons for late booking among women presenting at the antenatal clinic of a major tertiary hospital in the Niger Delta, Nigeria A cross sectional questionnaire based survey. A large tertiary hospital in the Niger delta, Nigeria Pregnant women registering for antenatal care after 14 weeks gestation. The majority of respondents were aged 20-39 years (97.1%), quarters were primigravidae and 25 % of the women belonged to the upper socioeconomic class. Seventy three point six percent booked in the second trimester and 26.4% in the third trimester. Of the women who had given birth before, 80% had booked late in at least one previous pregnancy. More than three-fifth of the women (65.6%) booked late due to ignorance or misconceptions of the purpose of, and right time to commence antenatal care. The findings of this study suggest that most women book late because of a belief that there are no advantages in booking for antenatal care in the first three months of pregnancy. This seems to be because antenatal care is viewed primarily as curative rather than preventive in the study population. Research is needed to determine the best approaches for health education programmes to correct the misconceptions about antenatal care.
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              Urinary tract infections during pregnancy.

              John A. G. Briggs, A. Bustillo, Jaclyn T. A. McKeown … (2004)
              To provide a comprehensive review of urinary tract infections (UTIs) during pregnancy. All aspects of UTIs, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, resistance, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, were reviewed. MEDLINE (1966-August 2003) and Cochrane Library searches were performed using the key search terms urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, cystitis, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and resistance. All article abstracts were evaluated for relevance. Only articles pertaining to pregnancy were included. The majority of published literature were review articles; the number of original clinical studies was limited. UTIs are the most common bacterial infections during pregnancy. They are characterized by the presence of significant bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract. Pyelonephritis is the most common severe bacterial infection that can lead to perinatal and maternal complications including premature delivery, infants with low birth weight, fetal mortality, preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and transient renal insufficiency. Enterobacteriaceae account for 90% of UTIs. The common antibiotics used are nitrofurantoin, cefazolin, cephalexin, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin. Therapeutic management of UTIs in pregnancy requires proper diagnostic workup and thorough understanding of antimicrobial agents to optimize maternal outcome, ensure safety to the fetus, and prevent complications that lead to significant morbidity and mortality in both the fetus and the mother.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ethiop J Health Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ethiop J Health Sci
                Title: Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences
                Publisher: Research and Publications Office of Jimma University (Jimma, Ethiopia )
                ISSN (Print): 1029-1857
                Publication date (Print): January 2015
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 3-8
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
                [2 ]School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 1111, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
                [3 ]Department of Obstetric and Gyneocology, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Bankole Henry Oladeinde, bamenzy@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: jEJHS.v25.i1.pg3
                PMC ID: 4337079
                SO-VID: f506c5bb-e2bb-4e14-8f99-592c4f179bac
                Copyright © Copyright © Jimma University, Research & Publications Office 2015
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: urinary tract infection,pregnancy,orthodox birth center,traditional birth center,nigeria
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: urinary tract infection, pregnancy, orthodox birth center, traditional birth center, nigeria

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