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      Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Viewpoints on Architecture and Fabrication

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          Abstract

          Electrospinning has been used for the fabrication of extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking fibrous scaffolds for several decades. Electrospun fibrous scaffolds provide nanoscale/microscale fibrous structures with interconnecting pores, resembling natural ECM in tissues, and showing a high potential to facilitate the formation of artificial functional tissues. In this review, we summarize the fundamental principles of electrospinning processes for generating complex fibrous scaffold geometries that are similar in structural complexity to the ECM of living tissues. Moreover, several approaches for the formation of three-dimensional fibrous scaffolds arranged in hierarchical structures for tissue engineering are also presented.

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          Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

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            A decade of progress in tissue engineering.

            Tremendous progress has been achieved in the field of tissue engineering in the past decade. Several major challenges laid down 10 years ago, have been studied, including renewable cell sources, biomaterials with tunable properties, mitigation of host responses, and vascularization. Here we review advancements in these areas and envision directions of further development.
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              Ultrafast laser processing of materials: from science to industry

              Processing of materials by ultrashort laser pulses has evolved significantly over the last decade and is starting to reveal its scientific, technological and industrial potential. In ultrafast laser manufacturing, optical energy of tightly focused femtosecond or picosecond laser pulses can be delivered to precisely defined positions in the bulk of materials via two-/multi-photon excitation on a timescale much faster than thermal energy exchange between photoexcited electrons and lattice ions. Control of photo-ionization and thermal processes with the highest precision, inducing local photomodification in sub-100-nm-sized regions has been achieved. State-of-the-art ultrashort laser processing techniques exploit high 0.1–1 μm spatial resolution and almost unrestricted three-dimensional structuring capability. Adjustable pulse duration, spatiotemporal chirp, phase front tilt and polarization allow control of photomodification via uniquely wide parameter space. Mature opto-electrical/mechanical technologies have enabled laser processing speeds approaching meters-per-second, leading to a fast lab-to-fab transfer. The key aspects and latest achievements are reviewed with an emphasis on the fundamental relation between spatial resolution and total fabrication throughput. Emerging biomedical applications implementing micrometer feature precision over centimeter-scale scaffolds and photonic wire bonding in telecommunications are highlighted.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Mol Sci
                Int J Mol Sci
                ijms
                International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                MDPI
                1422-0067
                06 March 2018
                March 2018
                : 19
                : 3
                : 745
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; indong.jun@ 123456ndorms.ox.ac.uk (I.J.); hyungseop.han@ 123456ndorms.ox.ac.uk (H.-S.H.); james.edwards@ 123456ndorms.ox.ac.uk (J.R.E.)
                [2 ]Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
                [3 ]Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: jeonhj@ 123456kist.re.kr ; Tel.: +82-2-958-5140
                Article
                ijms-19-00745
                10.3390/ijms19030745
                5877606
                29509688
                f53e438a-206b-4824-8f78-be81c5734bf7
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 15 November 2017
                : 03 March 2018
                Categories
                Review

                Molecular biology
                electrospinning,nanofiber scaffolds,tissue engineering,extracellular matrix-mimicking geometries

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