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      3D Printing as an Efficient Way to Prototype and Develop Dental Implants

      , ,
      BioMedInformatics
      MDPI AG

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          Abstract

          Individualized, serial production of innovative implants is a major area of application for additive manufacturing in the field of medicine. Individualized healthcare requires faster delivery of the implant to the clinic or hospital facility. The total manufacturing process, including data generation using 3D drawings, imaging techniques, 3D printing and post-processing, usually takes up to a week, especially implants from risk class III, which requires qualified equipment and a validated process. In this study, we describe how to develop a new biomechanical model for dental implants from its conception for the patent to the final product which is ready to be manufactured using additive manufacturing. The benefits and limitations of titanium metal printing for dental implant prototypes are presented by the authors.

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          A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering.

          Stereolithography is a solid freeform technique (SFF) that was introduced in the late 1980s. Although many other techniques have been developed since then, stereolithography remains one of the most powerful and versatile of all SFF techniques. It has the highest fabrication accuracy and an increasing number of materials that can be processed is becoming available. In this paper we discuss the characteristic features of the stereolithography technique and compare it to other SFF techniques. The biomedical applications of stereolithography are reviewed, as well as the biodegradable resin materials that have been developed for use with stereolithography. Finally, an overview of the application of stereolithography in preparing porous structures for tissue engineering is given. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration.

            Osteoinduction is the process by which osteogenesis is induced. It is a phenomenon regularly seen in any type of bone healing process. Osteoinduction implies the recruitment of immature cells and the stimulation of these cells to develop into preosteoblasts. In a bone healing situation such as a fracture, the majority of bone healing is dependent on osteoinduction. Osteoconduction means that bone grows on a surface. This phenomenon is regularly seen in the case of bone implants. Implant materials of low biocompatibility such as copper, silver and bone cement shows little or no osteoconduction. Osseointegration is the stable anchorage of an implant achieved by direct bone-to-implant contact. In craniofacial implantology, this mode of anchorage is the only one for which high success rates have been reported. Osseointegration is possible in other parts of the body, but its importance for the anchorage of major arthroplasties is under debate. Ingrowth of bone in a porous-coated prosthesis may or may not represent osseointegration.
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              3D printing of composite calcium phosphate and collagen scaffolds for bone regeneration.

              Low temperature 3D printing of calcium phosphate scaffolds holds great promise for fabricating synthetic bone graft substitutes with enhanced performance over traditional techniques. Many design parameters, such as the binder solution properties, have yet to be optimized to ensure maximal biocompatibility and osteoconductivity with sufficient mechanical properties. This study tailored the phosphoric acid-based binder solution concentration to 8.75 wt% to maximize cytocompatibility and mechanical strength, with a supplementation of Tween 80 to improve printing. To further enhance the formulation, collagen was dissolved into the binder solution to fabricate collagen-calcium phosphate composites. Reducing the viscosity and surface tension through a physiologic heat treatment and Tween 80, respectively, enabled reliable thermal inkjet printing of the collagen solutions. Supplementing the binder solution with 1-2 wt% collagen significantly improved maximum flexural strength and cell viability. To assess the bone healing performance, we implanted 3D printed scaffolds into a critically sized murine femoral defect for 9 weeks. The implants were confirmed to be osteoconductive, with new bone growth incorporating the degrading scaffold materials. In conclusion, this study demonstrates optimization of material parameters for 3D printed calcium phosphate scaffolds and enhancement of material properties by volumetric collagen incorporation via inkjet printing. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                BIOMLG
                BioMedInformatics
                BioMedInformatics
                MDPI AG
                2673-7426
                December 2022
                December 01 2022
                : 2
                : 4
                : 671-679
                Article
                10.3390/biomedinformatics2040044
                f66841f4-e14d-4322-98b1-16338ba34669
                © 2022

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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