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      Evidence of nitrogen and potassium losses in soil columns cultivated with maize under salt stress Translated title: Evidências de perdas de nitrogênio e potássio em colunas de solo cultivadas com milho sob estresse salino

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of salts in the soil from irrigation water and of N and K from fertilization. The experiment was conducted in PVC columns (20 cm in diameter and 100 cm in height), filled with non-saline soil, and cultivated with maize. A completely randomized block design in a 4 x 4 factorial was used, with four levels of salinity (0.5, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 dS m-1), four N rates, and five replicates. Nitrogen was applied as urea and potassium nitrate at the following rates: N1: N recommendation for maize (2.6 g column-1); N2: 0.3 times (0.78 g column-1) the recommended N1 dose; N3 and N4 with N based on N1 and N2 doses, respectively, reduced proportionally based on the evapotranspiration reduction caused by salinity. After 74 days from sowing, root and soil samples were collected at different soil depths. The electrical conductivity of the saturated extract (ECe) and the concentration of ions (Ca2+, Na+, and Cl-) increased as a function of salinity and soil depth. The opposite was observed for the root system. The increase in salinity also resulted in K+ and NO3- accumulation in the soil column, mainly in treatments with higher N rates (N1 and N3). At the end of the experiment, 88% of the NO3- applied at the highest salinity treatment (7.5 dS m-1) and the highest N rate (N1) was below 20 cm soil depth, evidencing a N loss process caused by leaching.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar o acúmulo no solo de sais provenientes da água de irrigação e de N e K provenientes da adubação. O experimento foi conduzido em colunas de PVC (20 cm de diâmetro e 100 cm de altura), preenchidas com solo arenoso, não salino, cultivado com milho. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados em arrajamento fatorial 4 x 4, composto por quatro níveis de salinidade (0,5, 2,5, 5,0 e 7,5 dS m-1) e quatro doses de N, com cinco repetições. As quatro doses de N, aplicadas como ureia e nitrato de potássio, foram as seguintes: N1: seguindo a recomendação de N para o milho (2,6 g coluna-1); N2: 0,3 vezes N1 (0,78 g coluna-1); N3 e N4: Taxa reduzida de N1 e N2, respectivamente, com base na redução da evapotranspiração causada pela salinidade. Aos 74 dias após o plantio foram coletadas as raízes e amostras de diferentes camadas do solo. A condutividade elétrica do extrato saturado (CEes) e as concentrações de íons (Ca, Na e Cl) aumentaram em função da salinidade e da profundidade. O contrário foi observado no sistema radicular. O aumento da salinidade provocou o acúmulo de K e NO3- nas colunas de solo, principalmente nas maiores doses de N (N1 e N3). Para o tratamento de maior salinidade (7,5 dS m-1) e maior dose de N (N1) verificou-se que 88% do NO3- encontrava-se abaixo de 20 cm do solo ao final do experimento, mostrando perda por lixiviação.

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          Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils

          L Richards (1954)
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            Potassium transport and plant salt tolerance.

            Salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting approximately 7% of the world's total land area resulting in billion dollar losses in crop production around the globe. Recent progress in molecular genetics and plant electrophysiology suggests that the ability of a plant to maintain a high cytosolic K+/Na+ ratio appears to be critical to plant salt tolerance. So far, the major efforts of plant breeders have been aimed at improving this ratio by minimizing Na+ uptake and transport to shoot. In this paper, we discuss an alternative approach, reviewing the molecular and ionic mechanisms contributing to potassium homeostasis in salinized plant tissues and discussing prospects for breeding for salt tolerance by targeting this trait. Major K+ transporters and their functional expression under saline conditions are reviewed and the multiple modes of their control are evaluated, including ameliorative effects of compatible solutes, polyamines and supplemental calcium. Subsequently, the genetic aspects of inheritance of K+ transport 'markers' are discussed in the general context of salt tolerance as a polygenic trait. The molecular identity of 'salt tolerance' genes is analysed, and prospects for future research and breeding are examined.
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              Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbeaa
                Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental
                Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.
                Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola - UFCG (Campina Grande, PB, Brazil )
                1415-4366
                1807-1929
                August 2018
                : 22
                : 8
                : 553-557
                Affiliations
                [2] Riverside California orgnameUnited States Department of Agriculture orgdiv1US Salinity Laboratory EUA jorge.ferreira@ 123456ars.usda.gov
                [1] Fortaleza Ceará orgnameUniversidade Federal do Ceará orgdiv1Centro de Ciências Agrárias orgdiv2Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola Brazil cfeitosa@ 123456ufc.br
                Article
                S1415-43662018000800553 S1415-4366(18)02200800553
                10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n8p553-557
                f6ea0784-1d64-4bea-b4bf-3cb74e2c1b8b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 October 2017
                : 12 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Articles

                salinity,nitrate,nutrients leaching,salinidade,nitrato,lixiviação de nutrientes

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