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      Provenancing 16 th and 17 th century CE building timbers in Denmark–combining dendroprovenance and Sr isotopic analysis

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          Abstract

          Dendrochronology (tree-ring analysis) allows us to precisely date and identify the origin of timber from historic contexts. However, reference datasets to determine the origin can include timber of non-local origin. Therefore, we have applied Sr isotopic on timbers from three buildings in Jutland, Denmark, mostly dating from the late 16 th and early 17 th centuries CE to improve and refine the provenance identification. The dendrochronology suggested that some timbers analysed were imported from the Swedish side of Øresund/Kattegat while others were local, and others again might be from south Norway. By adding the Sr isotopic analysis, a far more detailed interpretation of the origin of these timbers can be presented for non-Danish timbers. In this paper we suggest that Danish ports in the provinces of Halland and Skåne played a major role in the timber trade between the Danish and Swedish parts of the Danish kingdom. For Danish timbers dendroprovenancing proved better than Sr isotopic analysis. Furthermore, a small number of Sr isotopic analyses were performed to contribute to the base-line along the Göta-river in Southern-Sweden.

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          Strontium Isotopes from the Earth to the Archaeological Skeleton: A Review

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            Genome-wide analysis of the GRAS gene family in rice and Arabidopsis.

            Members of the GRAS gene family encode transcriptional regulators that have diverse functions in plant growth and development such as gibberellin signal transduction, root radial patterning, axillary meristem formation, phytochrome A signal transduction, and gametogenesis. Bioinformatic analysis identified 57 and 32 GRAS genes in rice and Arabidopsis, respectively. Here, we provide a complete overview of this gene family, describing the gene structure, gene expression, chromosome localization, protein motif organization, phylogenetic analysis, and comparative analysis between rice and Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic analysis divides the GRAS gene family into eight subfamilies, which have distinct conserved domains and functions. Both genome/segmental duplication and tandem duplication contributed to the expansion of the GRAS gene family in the rice and Arabidopsis genomes. The existence of GRAS-like genes in bryophytes suggests that GRAS is an ancient family of transcription factors, which arose before the appearance of land plants over 400 million years ago.
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              The geographic distribution of strontium isotopes in Danish surface waters – A base for provenance studies in archaeology, hydrology and agriculture

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                9 February 2023
                2023
                : 18
                : 2
                : e0278513
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Saxo Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
                [2 ] Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management (Geology Section), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
                [3 ] Dendro.dk, Copenhagen V, Denmark
                Technical University in Zvolen, SLOVAKIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6796-3141
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4389-3238
                Article
                PONE-D-22-06131
                10.1371/journal.pone.0278513
                9910641
                36758018
                f7194235-4906-4bcc-9aff-62fd000a5cbe
                © 2023 Van Ham-Meert, Daly

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 4 March 2022
                : 18 November 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 7, Pages: 22
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781, European Research Council;
                Award ID: No. 677152
                Award Recipient :
                AD received an starting grant from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant agreement No. 677152). Their website is: https://erc.europa.eu/funding/starting-grants. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agronomy
                Plant Products
                Timber
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Crop Science
                Plant Products
                Timber
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                Europe
                European Union
                Denmark
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Trees
                Oaks
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Trees
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Paleoecology
                Dendrochronology
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Paleoecology
                Dendrochronology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Paleontology
                Paleobiology
                Paleoecology
                Dendrochronology
                Earth Sciences
                Paleontology
                Paleobiology
                Paleoecology
                Dendrochronology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Wood
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                Europe
                European Union
                Sweden
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Elements
                Strontium
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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