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      A rich and bountiful harvest: Key discoveries in plant cell biology

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          Abstract

          The field of plant cell biology has a rich history of discovery, going back to Robert Hooke’s discovery of cells themselves. The development of microscopes and preparation techniques has allowed for the visualization of subcellular structures, and the use of protein biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology has enabled the identification of proteins and mechanisms that regulate key cellular processes. In this review, seven senior plant cell biologists reflect on the development of this research field in the past decades, including the foundational contributions that their teams have made to our rich, current insights into cell biology. Topics covered include signaling and cell morphogenesis, membrane trafficking, cytokinesis, cytoskeletal regulation, and cell wall biology. In addition, these scientists illustrate the pathways to discovery in this exciting research field.

          Abstract

          Seven senior plant cell biologists reflect on foundational contributions to a variety of topics, including pollen tube signaling, cell morphogenesis, membrane trafficking, cytokinesis, cytoskeletal regulation, and cell wall biology.

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          Most cited references148

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          SNAREs--engines for membrane fusion.

          Since the discovery of SNARE proteins in the late 1980s, SNAREs have been recognized as key components of protein complexes that drive membrane fusion. Despite considerable sequence divergence among SNARE proteins, their mechanism seems to be conserved and is adaptable for fusion reactions as diverse as those involved in cell growth, membrane repair, cytokinesis and synaptic transmission. A fascinating picture of these robust nanomachines is emerging.
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            Dynamic instability of microtubule growth.

            We report here that microtubules in vitro coexist in growing and shrinking populations which interconvert rather infrequently. This dynamic instability is a general property of microtubules and may be fundamental in explaining cellular microtubule organization.
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              A protein assembly-disassembly pathway in vitro that may correspond to sequential steps of synaptic vesicle docking, activation, and fusion.

              The SNARE hypothesis holds that a transport vesicle chooses its target for fusion when a soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP) receptor on the vesicle (v-SNARE) pairs with its cognate t-SNARE at the target membrane. Three synaptosomal membrane proteins have previously been identified: syntaxin, SNAP-25 (t-SNAREs), and vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) (v-SNARE); all assemble with SNAPs and NSF into 20S fusion particles. We now report that in the absence of SNAP and NSF, these three SNAREs form a stable complex that can also bind synaptotagmin. Synaptotagmin is displaced by alpha-SNAP, suggesting that these two proteins share binding sites on the SNARE complex and implying that synaptotagmin operates as a "clamp" to prevent fusion from proceeding in the absence of a signal. The alpha-SNAP-SNARE complex can bind NSF, and NSF-dependent hydrolysis of ATP dissociates the complex, separating syntaxin, SNAP-25, and VAMP. ATP hydrolysis by NSF may provide motion to initiate bilayer fusion.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Plant Cell
                Plant Cell
                plcell
                The Plant Cell
                Oxford University Press
                1040-4651
                1532-298X
                January 2022
                15 September 2021
                15 September 2021
                : 34
                : 1
                : 53-71
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
                [2 ] Department of Biology, Penn State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
                [3 ] Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University , Kobe 658-8501, Japan
                [4 ] ZMBP-Developmental Genetics, University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen 72076, Germany
                [5 ] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre , Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
                [6 ] Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
                [7 ] Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347, USA
                [8 ] Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University , Wageningen 6708WE, the Netherlands
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7973-022X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-5786
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8814-1593
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2671-2271
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-490X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4378-141X
                Article
                koab234
                10.1093/plcell/koab234
                8773953
                34524464
                f79dfef9-d171-4992-a74c-a745bc815dde
                © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society of Plant Biologists.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 July 2021
                : 01 September 2021
                : 11 October 2021
                Page count
                Pages: 19
                Funding
                Funded by: Alice Cheung’s lab;
                Funded by: US National Science Foundation (NSF);
                Funded by: US Department of Agriculture (USDA);
                Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH);
                Funded by: Department of Energy (DOE);
                Funded by: US Department of Energy ;
                Award ID: DE-FG2-84ER13179
                Funded by: Center for LignoCellulose Structure and Formation, DOI 10.13039/100017613;
                Funded by: Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences;
                Award ID: DE-SC0001090
                Funded by: Ikuko Hara-Nishimura’s lab is supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research;
                Award ID: 15H05776
                Funded by: Promoted Research of Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research;
                Award ID: 22000014
                Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by the Hirao Taro Foundation of KONAN GAKUEN for Academic Research;
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DOI 10.13039/501100001659;
                Funded by: Biotechnology and Biosciences Research Council;
                Funded by: European Research Council (ERC) through an Advanced Grant (DIRNDL—contract;
                Award ID: 833867
                Categories
                Focus on Cell Biology
                Reviews
                AcademicSubjects/SCI02286
                AcademicSubjects/SCI02287
                AcademicSubjects/SCI01270
                AcademicSubjects/SCI01280
                AcademicSubjects/SCI02288

                Plant science & Botany
                Plant science & Botany

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