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      How can social jetlag affect health?

      brief-report
      Author(s): 1 , 2 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Nature Reviews. Endocrinology
      Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK
      Keywords: Epidemiology, Type 2 diabetes

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          Abstract

          Our lives are governed by three clocks: the social clock that organizes our lives with others (local time), the biological clock that controls our physiology (circadian time) and the sun clock that defines natural light and darkness. The more misaligned these clocks are, the higher our odds of developing certain diseases. ‘Social jetlag’ quantifies the difference between local and circadian time.

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          Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time.

          Marc Wittmann, Jenny Dinich, Martha Merrow … (2006)
          Humans show large differences in the preferred timing of their sleep and activity. This so-called "chronotype" is largely regulated by the circadian clock. Both genetic variations in clock genes and environmental influences contribute to the distribution of chronotypes in a given population, ranging from extreme early types to extreme late types with the majority falling between these extremes. Social (e.g., school and work) schedules interfere considerably with individual sleep preferences in the majority of the population. Late chronotypes show the largest differences in sleep timing between work and free days leading to a considerable sleep debt on work days, for which they compensate on free days. The discrepancy between work and free days, between social and biological time, can be described as 'social jetlag.' Here, we explore how sleep quality and psychological wellbeing are associated with individual chronotype and/or social jetlag. A total of 501 volunteers filled out the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) as well as additional questionnaires on: (i) sleep quality (SF-A), (ii) current psychological wellbeing (Basler Befindlichkeitsbogen), (iii) retrospective psychological wellbeing over the past week (POMS), and (iv) consumption of stimulants (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol). Associations of chronotype, wellbeing, and stimulant consumption are strongest in teenagers and young adults up to age 25 yrs. The most striking correlation exists between chronotype and smoking, which is significantly higher in late chronotypes of all ages (except for those in retirement). We show these correlations are most probably a consequence of social jetlag, i.e., the discrepancies between social and biological timing rather than a simple association to different chronotypes. Our results strongly suggest that work (and school) schedules should be adapted to chronotype whenever possible.
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            Social jetlag and obesity.

            Till Roenneberg, Karla V. Allebrandt, Martha Merrow … (2012)
            Obesity has reached crisis proportions in industrialized societies. Many factors converge to yield increased body mass index (BMI). Among these is sleep duration. The circadian clock controls sleep timing through the process of entrainment. Chronotype describes individual differences in sleep timing, and it is determined by genetic background, age, sex, and environment (e.g., light exposure). Social jetlag quantifies the discrepancy that often arises between circadian and social clocks, which results in chronic sleep loss. The circadian clock also regulates energy homeostasis, and its disruption-as with social jetlag-may contribute to weight-related pathologies. Here, we report the results from a large-scale epidemiological study, showing that, beyond sleep duration, social jetlag is associated with increased BMI. Our results demonstrate that living "against the clock" may be a factor contributing to the epidemic of obesity. This is of key importance in pending discussions on the implementation of Daylight Saving Time and on work or school times, which all contribute to the amount of social jetlag accrued by an individual. Our data suggest that improving the correspondence between biological and social clocks will contribute to the management of obesity. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              A marker for the end of adolescence.

              Till Roenneberg, Tim Kuehnle, Peter Pramstaller … (2004)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Till Roenneberg:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-0332
                Roenneberg@LMU.de
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nat Rev Endocrinol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat Rev Endocrinol
                Title: Nature Reviews. Endocrinology
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Print): 1759-5029
                ISSN (Electronic): 1759-5037
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 May 2023
                Pages: 1-2
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.5252.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 973X, Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU Munich, ; Munich, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.5252.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 973X, Institute for Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, ; Munich, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-0332
                Article
                Publisher ID: 851
                DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00851-2
                PMC ID: 10204006
                PubMed ID: 37221400
                SO-VID: f9057b43-8b5c-4fa6-a282-ba8c04bdc67a
                Copyright © © Springer Nature Limited 2023
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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                Subject: News & Views

                Keywords: epidemiology,type 2 diabetes
                Data availability:
                Keywords: epidemiology, type 2 diabetes

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