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      A new cryptic species of Anolis lizard from northwestern South America (Iguanidae, Dactyloinae)

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Abstract

          A new species of Anolis lizard from the Andean slopes of southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador, from between 1187 and 2353 m in elevation, is described. The new species can be distinguished from other Anolis in squamation, cranial osteology, hemipenial morphology, and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. The new species is sister to Anolis aequatorialis , and it is suggested that previous records of A. aequatorialis in Colombia correspond to the new species described herein.

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          Resumen

          Describimos una nueva especie de Anolis de las estribaciones de los Andes del suroccidente de Colombia y noroccidente de Ecuador, entre los 1187 y 2353 metros de elevación. La nueva especie puede ser distinguida de otros Anolis por caracteres de escamación, osteología craneal, morfología hemipenial, y ADN nuclear y mitocondrial. La nueva especie es hermana de A. aequatorialis , por lo que sugerimos que los registros previos de A. aequatorialis en Colombia corresponden a la nueva especie descrita en este artículo.

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          Most cited references42

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          Two novel gene orders and the role of light-strand replication in rearrangement of the vertebrate mitochondrial genome

          T. Papenfuss, J. Macey, A. Larson … (1997)
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            Species delimitation in systematics: inferring diagnostic differences between species.

            J J Wiens, M R Servedio (2000)
            Species are fundamental units in studies of systematics, biodiversity and ecology, but their delimitation has been relatively neglected methodologically. Species are typically circumscribed based on the presence of fixed (intraspecifically invariant or non-overlapping) diagnostic morphological characters which distinguish them from other species. In this paper, we argue that determining whether diagnostic characters are truly fixed with certainty is generally impossible with finite sample sizes and we show that sample sizes of hundreds or thousands of individuals may be necessary to have a reasonable probability of detecting polymorphisms in diagnostic characters at frequencies approaching zero. Instead, we suggest that using a non-zero frequency cut-off may be a more realistic and practical criterion for character-based species delimitation (for example, allowing polymorphisms in the diagnostic characters at frequencies of 5% or less). Given this argument, we then present a simple statistical method to evaluate whether at least one of a set of apparently diagnostic characters is below the frequency cut-off. This method allows testing of the strength of the evidence for species distinctness and is readily applicable to empirical studies.
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              Sequence evolution of mitochondrial tRNA genes and deep-branch animal phylogenetics.

              M Nishida, Y Kumazawa (1993)
              Mitochondrial DNA sequences are often used to construct molecular phylogenetic trees among closely related animals. In order to examine the usefulness of mtDNA sequences for deep-branch phylogenetics, genes in previously reported mtDNA sequences were analyzed among several animals that diverged 20-600 million years ago. Unambiguous alignment was achieved for stem-forming regions of mitochondrial tRNA genes by virtue of their conservative secondary structures. Sequences derived from stem parts of the mitochondrial tRNA genes appeared to accumulate much variation linearly for a long period of time: nearly 100 Myr for transition differences and more than 350 Myr for transversion differences. This characteristic could be attributed, in part, to the structural variability of mitochondrial tRNAs, which have fewer restrictions on their tertiary structure than do nonmitochondrial tRNAs. The tRNA sequence data served to reconstruct a well-established phylogeny of the animals with 100% bootstrap probabilities by both maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining methods. By contrast, mitochondrial protein genes coding for cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase subunit I did not reconstruct the established phylogeny or did so only weakly, although a variety of fractions of the protein gene sequences were subjected to tree-building. This discouraging phylogenetic performance of mitochondrial protein genes, especially with respect to branches originating over 300 Myr ago, was not simply due to high randomness in the data. It may have been due to the relative susceptibility of the protein genes to natural selection as compared with the stem parts of mitochondrial tRNA genes. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that mitochondrial tRNA genes may be useful in resolving deep branches in animal phylogenies with divergences that occurred some hundreds of Myr ago. For this purpose, we designed a set of primers with which mtDNA fragments encompassing clustered tRNA genes were successfully amplified from various vertebrates by the polymerase chain reaction.
              Article 0 comments Cited 60 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Carolina Reyes-Puig
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ZooKeys
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 November 2018
                Issue: 794
                Pages: 135-163
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. Rumipamba 341 y Av. de los Shyris. Casilla postal: 17-07-8976. Quito, Ecuador Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad Quito Ecuador
                [2 ] Instituto de Zoología Terrestre, Museo de Zoología, Instituto BIOSFERA, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, 170901, Quito, Ecuador Universidad San Francisco de Quito Quito Ecuador
                [3 ] Fundación Red de Protección de Bosques ECOMINGA, Fundación Oscar Efrén Reyes, Departamento de Ambiente, Calle 12 de Noviembre N° 270 y Calle A. Martínez, Baños, Ecuador Fundación Red de Protección de Bosques ECOMINGA Baños Ecuador
                [4 ] Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, Mexico Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico Mexico
                [5 ] Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Avenida 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Quito Ecuador
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Carolina Reyes-Puig ( @ )

                Academic editor: J. Penner

                Article
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.794.26936
                PMC ID: 6224367
                SO-VID: f96f2a5d-86c1-45db-9c40-276931f76a0d
                Copyright © Mario H. Yánez-Muñoz, Carolina Reyes-Puig, Juan Pablo Reyes-Puig, Julián A. Velasco, Fernando Ayala-Varela, Omar Torres-Carvajal
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 24 May 2018
                Date accepted : 11 September 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Animalia
                Subject: Chordata
                Subject: Reptilia
                Subject: Sauria
                Subject: Squamata
                Subject: Vertebrata
                Subject: Phylogeny
                Subject: Systematics
                Subject: Taxonomy
                Subject: Americas
                Subject: Colombia
                Subject: Ecuador
                Subject: South America

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: anolisdracula sp. n.,diversity,morphology,phylogeny, squamata ,taxonomy,diversidad,filogenia,morfología,taxonomía,animalia,squamata,iguanidae
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: anolisdracula sp. n., diversity, morphology, phylogeny, squamata , taxonomy, diversidad, filogenia, morfología, taxonomía, animalia, squamata, iguanidae

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