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      Bases anatómicas de la hemisferotomía periinsular

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          Abstract

          Introducción: la hemisferectomía se utiliza como tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes seleccionados, portadores de crisis parciales incontrolables, y que asocian déficit motor progresivo. Esta técnica ha sido objeto de modificaciones hacia tratamientos desconectivos, con conservación del parénquima (hemisferotomía). La primera modificación importante la realizó Rasmussen, quien describió la hemisferectomía funcional. En el año 1992, Delalande describe la hemisferotomía y, en 1995, Villemure y Mascott realizan la hemisferotomía periinsular. Objetivo: evidenciar desde el punto de vista anatómico los fascículos de sustancia blanca interrumpidos en la hemisferotomía periinsular. Material y método: se utilizaron siete hemisferios cerebrales de cadáveres adultos. En dos se hicieron cortes axiales, sagitales y coronales; cinco se disecaron con la técnica de Klingler. Resultados: la hemisferotomía periinsular se inicia con la ventana suprainsular. A través de la misma se seccionan las fibras de la transición corona radiata-cápsula interna. Luego se hace una callosotomía endoventricular, resección frontobasal y de la comisura blanca anterior. En el segundo paso (ventana infrainsular) se seccionan el pedúnculo temporal, trígono y se resecan las estructuras temporomesiales. Todos los fascículos y estructuras anatómicas resecadas o seccionadas fueron puestos en evidencia mediante disección, lo que permite tener una cabal concepción tridimensional del procedimiento.

          Translated abstract

          Résumé Introduction: L'hémisphérectomie s'utilise comme traitement chirurgical chez des patients choisis, porteurs de crises partielles incontrôlables et qui associent un déficit moteur progressif. Cette technique a subi des modifi-cations vers des traitements déconnectifs, avec conser-vation du parenchyme (hémisphérotomie). La première modification importante fut faite par Rasmussen qui décrit l'hémisphérectomie fonctionnelle. En 1992, Delalande décrit l'hémisphérotomie et en 1995, Villemure et Mascot firent l'hémisphérotomie peri insulaire. But: évidencier du point de vue anatomique les fascicu-les de matière blanche interrompus à l'hémisphérotomie peri insulaire. Matériel et méthode: sept hémisphères cérébraux de cadavres adultes, dont deux ont subi des coupes axiales, sagitales et coronales; cinq ont été desséchés avec la technique de Klingler. Résultats: l'hémisphérotomie peri insulaire commence avec la fenêtre supra insulaire. À travers celle-ci, on sectionne les fibres de la transition couronne radiata-capsule interne. Puis, on fait une callosotomie endroventri-culaire, résection frontobasale et de la commissure blanche antérieure. Deuxièmement (fenêtre infra insulaire) on sectionne le pédoncule temporel, trigono et on résèque les structures temporo-mesiales. Tous les fascicules et les structures réséchées ou sectionnées ont été mis en évidence par disection, ce qui permet d'avoir une concep-tion ajustée tridimensionelle de l'intervention.

          Translated abstract

          Summary Background. Hemispherectomy is a surgical treatment used in selected patients, carriers of partial uncontrolled onset associated with progressive motor deficiency. This technique has evolved to disconnective treatments (hemispherotomy). Rasmussen first described functional hemispherectomy. In 1992, Delalande described hemispherotomy and, in 1995 Villemure y Mascot, peri-insular hemispherotomy. Objective. To anatomically show interrupted serial brain slices by in peri-insular hemispherotomy. Methods. Seven brains of male corpses were used. Axial, sagittal and coronal resections were obtained in two brains, the five left were dissected by Klingler technique. Results. the three-dimensional procedures include interruption of the internal capsule and corona radiata, transventricular corpus callosotomy, disruption of the frontal horizontal fibers and resection of the medial temporal structures. A second step includes sectioning the temporal horn, trígono y se resecan las estructuras temporomesiales. All sectionned fasciculus and anatomical structures were dissected, that allows to figure the three-dimensional procedures.

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          Architecture and intrinsic connections of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey.

          An investigation of the architectonic organization and intrinsic connections of the prefrontal cortex was conducted in rhesus monkeys. Cytoarchitectonic analysis indicates that in the prefrontal cortex there are two trends of gradual change in laminar characteristics that can be traced from limbic periallocortex towards isocortical areas. The stepwise change in laminar features is characterized by the emergence and gradual increase in the width of granular layer IV, by an increase in the size of pyramidal cells in layers III and V, and by a higher cell-packing density in the supragranular layers. Myeloarchitectonic analysis reveals that the limbic areas are poorly myelinated, adjacent areas have a diffuse myelin content confined to the deep layers, and in isocortices the myelinated fibers are distributed in organized horizontal bands (of Bail-larger) and a vertical plexus. Using the above architectonic criteria, we observed that one of the architectonic trends takes a radial basoventral course from the periallocortex in the caudal orbitofrontal region to the adjacent proisocortex and then to area 13. The next stage of architectonic regions includes orbital areas 12, 11, and 14, which is followed by area 10, lateral area 12, and the rostral part of ventral area 46. The last group includes the caudal part of ventral area 46 and ventral area 8. The other trend takes a mediodorsal course from the periallocortex around the rostral portion of the corpus callosum to the adjacent proisocortical areas 24, 25, and 32 and then to the medially situated isocortical areas 9, 10, and 14. The next stage includes lateral areas 10 and 9 and the rostral part of dorsal area 46. The last group includes the caudal part of dorsal area 46 and dorsal area 8. The interconnections of subdivisions of the basoventral and mediodorsal cortices were studied with the aid of anterograde and retrograde tracers. Within each trend a given area projects in two directions: to adjoining regions belonging to succeeding architectonic stages on the one hand, and to nearby regions from the preceding architectonic stage on the other. In each direction there is more than one region involved in this projection system, paralleling the radial nature of architectonic change. Periallo- and proisocortices have widespread intrinsic connections, whereas isocortices situated at a distance from limbic areas, such as area 8, have restricted connections. Most interconnections are limited to areas within the same architectonic trend. However, there are links between cortices from the two trends, and these seem to occur between areas that are at a similar stage of architectonic differentiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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            Topographic anatomy of the insular region.

            The insula is one of the paralimbic structures and constitutes the invaginated portion of the cerebral cortex, forming the base of the sylvian fissure. The authors provide a detailed anatomical study of the insular region to assist in the process of conceptualizing a reliable surgical approach to allow for a successful course of surgery. The topographic anatomy of the insular region was studied in 25 formalin-fixed brain specimens (50 hemispheres). The periinsular sulci (anterior, superior, and inferior) define the limits of the frontoorbital, frontoparietal, and temporal opercula, respectively. The opercula cover and enclose the insula. The limen insula is located in the depths of the sylvian fissure and constitutes the anterobasal portion of the insula. A central insular sulcus divides the insula into two portions, the anterior insula (larger) and the posterior insula (smaller). The anterior insula is composed of three principal short insular gyri (anterior, middle, and posterior) as well as the accessory and transverse insular gyri. All five gyri converge at the insular apex, which represents the most superficial aspect of the insula. The posterior insula is composed of the anterior and posterior long insular gyri and the postcentral insular sulcus, which separates them. The anterior insula was found to be connected exclusively to the frontal lobe, whereas the posterior insula was connected to both the parietal and temporal lobes. Opercular gyri and sulci were observed to interdigitate within the opercula and to interdigitate the gyri and sulci of the insula. Using the fiber dissection technique, various unique anatomical features and relationships of the insula were determined. The topographic anatomy of the insular region is described in this article, and a practical terminology for gyral and sulcal patterns of surgical significance is presented. This study clarifies and supplements the information presently available to help develop a more coherent surgical concept.
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              Arteries of the insula.

              The insula is located at the base of the sylvian fissure and is a potential site for pathological processes such as tumors and vascular malformations. Knowledge of insular anatomy and vascularization is essential to perform accurate microsurgical procedures in this region. Arterial vascularization of the insula was studied in 20 human cadaver brains (40 hemispheres). The cerebral arteries were perfused with red latex to enhance their visibility, and they were dissected with the aid of an operating microscope. Arteries supplying the insula numbered an average of 96 (range 77-112). Their mean diameter measured 0.23 mm (range 0.1-0.8 mm), and the origin of each artery could be traced to the middle cerebral artery (MCA), predominantly the M2 segment. In 22 hemispheres (55%), one to six insular arteries arose from the M1 segment of the MCA and supplied the region of the limen insulae. In an additional 10 hemispheres (25%), one or two insular arteries arose from the M3 segment of the MCA and supplied the region of either the superior or inferior periinsular sulcus. The insular arteries primarily supply the insular cortex, extreme capsule, and, occasionally, the claustrum and external capsule, but not the putamen, globus pallidus, or internal capsule, which are vascularized by the lateral lenticulostriate arteries (LLAs). However, an average of 9.9 (range four-14) insular arteries in each hemisphere, mostly in the posterior insular region, were similar to perforating arteries and some of these supplied the corona radiata. Larger, more prominent insular arteries (insuloopercular arteries) were also observed (an average of 3.5 per hemisphere, range one-seven). These coursed across the surface of the insula and then looped laterally, extending branches to the medial surfaces of the opercula. Complete comprehension of the intricate vascularization patterns associated with the insula, as well as proficiency in insular anatomy, are prerequisites to accomplishing appropriate surgical planning and, ultimately, to completing successful exploration and removal of pathological lesions in this region.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rmu
                Revista Médica del Uruguay
                Rev. Méd. Urug.
                Sindicato Médico del Uruguay (Montevideo )
                1688-0390
                December 2004
                : 20
                : 3
                : 208-214
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Facultad de Medicina
                Article
                S1688-03902004000300007
                fa8ac626-ca28-4d27-957d-fe0ff4b1515b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1688-0390&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
                MEDICINE, LEGAL
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL
                ONCOLOGY
                SURGERY

                Oncology & Radiotherapy,Social law,Medicine,Surgery,Clinical chemistry,Internal medicine
                HEMISFERECTOMÍA,CORTEZA CEREBRAL

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