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      Summer Temperature Variations in the European Alps,a.d.755–2004

      , , ,
      Journal of Climate
      American Meteorological Society

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          Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis

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            The maunder minimum.

            J. Eddy (1976)
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              European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500.

              Multiproxy reconstructions of monthly and seasonal surface temperature fields for Europe back to 1500 show that the late 20th- and early 21st-century European climate is very likely (>95% confidence level) warmer than that of any time during the past 500 years. This agrees with findings for the entire Northern Hemisphere. European winter average temperatures during the period 1500 to 1900 were reduced by approximately 0.5 degrees C (0.25 degrees C for annual mean temperatures) compared to the 20th century. Summer temperatures did not experience systematic century-scale cooling relative to present conditions. The coldest European winter was 1708/1709; 2003 was by far the hottest summer.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Climate
                J. Climate
                American Meteorological Society
                0894-8755
                1520-0442
                November 2006
                November 2006
                : 19
                : 21
                : 5606-5623
                Article
                10.1175/JCLI3917.1
                fab27cf3-11ac-4ed4-828e-5aa883c308df
                © 2006
                History

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