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      Posições verticalizadas no parto e a prevenção de lacerações perineais: revisão sistemática e metanálise Translated title: Upright positions in childbirth and the prevention of perineal lacerations: a systematic review and meta-analysis Translated title: Posiciones verticales en el parto y prevención de laceraciones perineales: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

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          Abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo Investigar se a adoção de posições verticalizadas pela mulher, no parto, comparada à posição litotômica, previne lacerações perineais. Método Revisão sistemática com metanálise. As buscas foram realizada nas bases de dados: LILACS, Medline/PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Direct e Scopus. As buscas na literatura cinzenta foram conduzidas nas bases Google Scholar e OpenGrey. Também foram consideradas as listas de referências dos artigos incluídos. Para análise da qualidade metodológica dos artigos, utilizou-se a ferramenta da colaboração Cochrane e a ACROBAT-NRSI. Resultados Foram elencados 26 estudos e 8 foram selecionados para a metanálise. O nível de evidência científica foi classificado pelo Sistema GRADE e considerado alto. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre posições verticalizadas em relação as posições horizontais. Apesar dessa constatação, as posições verticalizadas apresentaram índices reduzidos de lacerações perineais graves. Conclusão A adoção de posições verticalizadas, no parto normal, pode ser encorajada pelos profissionais, pois pode evitar lacerações perineais graves, porém, não é possível afirmar com precisão a eficácia destas em detrimento das posições horizontais para o desfecho períneo íntegro.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective To investigate whether the adoption of upright positions by women during childbirth prevents perineal lacerations compared to the lithotomy position. Method A systematic review with meta-analysis. The searches were carried out in the databases: LILACS, Medline/PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Direct and Scopus. Searches in the gray literature were conducted on Google Scholar and OpenGrey databases. Reference lists of included articles were also considered. The Cochrane collaboration tool and ACROBAT-NRSI were used to analyze the methodological quality of the articles. Results There were 26 studies listed and 8 were selected for the meta-analysis. The level of scientific evidence was classified by the GRADE System and considered high. There was no statistically significant difference between upright positions in relation to horizontal positions. Despite this finding, the upright positions showed reduced rates of severe perineal lacerations. Conclusion Adopting upright positions in normal delivery can be encouraged by professionals as it can prevent severe perineal lacerations; however, it is not possible to accurately affirm their effectiveness to the detriment of horizontal positions for an intact perineum outcome.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo Investigar si la adopción de posiciones verticales por parte de la mujer en el parto, en comparación con la posición de litotomía, previene las laceraciones perineales. Método Revisión sistemática con metaanálisis. Se realizaron búsquedas en las siguientes bases de datos: LILACS, Medline/PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Direct y Scopus. Se realizaron búsquedas en la literatura gris en las bases de datos Google Scholar y Opengray. También se examinaron las listas de referencia de los artículos incluidos. La herramienta de colaboración Cochrane y el ACROBAT-NRSI se utilizaron para analizar la calidad metodológica de los artículos. Resultados Se enumeraron 26 estudios y se seleccionaron 8 para el metaanálisis. El nivel de evidencia científica fue clasificado por el Sistema GRADE y considerado alto. No hubo una diferencia estadística significativa entre las posiciones verticales y las horizontales. A pesar de este hallazgo, las posiciones verticales presentaban bajas tasas de laceraciones perineales graves. Conclusión La adopción de posiciones verticales en el parto normal puede ser fomentada por los profesionales, ya que puede evitar desgarros perineales severos, sin embargo, no es posible afirmar con exactitud su eficacia en detrimento de las posiciones horizontales para el resultado perineal completo.

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          Obstetric interventions during labor and childbirth in Brazilian low-risk women.

          This study evaluated the use of best practices (eating, movement, use of nonpharmacological methods for pain relief and partograph) and obstetric interventions in labor and delivery among low-risk women. Data from the hospital-based survey Birth in Brazil conducted between 2011 and 2012 was used. Best practices during labor occurred in less than 50% of women and prevalence of the use of these practices was lower in the North, Northeast and Central West Regions. The rate of use of oxytocin drips and amniotomy was 40%, and was higher among women admitted to public hospitals and in women with a low level of education. The uterine fundal pressure, episiotomy and lithotomy were used in 37%, 56% and 92% of women, respectively. Caesarean section rates were lower in women using the public health system, nonwhites, women with a low level of education and multiparous women. To improve the health of mothers and newborns and promote quality of life, a change of approach to labor and childbirth that focuses on evidence-based care is required in both the public and private health sectors.
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            Desempenho de indicadores de processo do Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e Nascimento no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática

            Em 2000 iniciou-se o Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e do Nascimento (PHPN), com critérios quantitativos para o cuidado obstétrico, e o SISPRENATAL foi seu instrumento de informação. O presente estudo compilou os dados nacionais sobre o acompanhamento pré-natal, utilizando o SISPRENATAL ou outras fontes de informação. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, com busca eletrônica de artigos no MEDLINE, EMBASE e SciELO. Compilaram-se publicações a partir de 2001 que utilizaram os indicadores de processo do PHPN. Foi realizada metanálise, estimando-se a proporção média de cada indicador com seu respectivo IC95%. Os indicadores de processo apresentaram incremento ao longo do período, mas o SISPRENATAL registra baixa cobertura do PHPN quando comparado com outras fontes de informação. O PHPN tem pela frente o desafio da correta documentação da informação pelo SISPRENATAL. Deve-se priorizar a conscientização da importância do registro da informação, treinamento para sua inclusão no sistema e aprimoramento de instrumentos mais acessíveis e menos burocráticos de registro de dados.
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              Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia.

              For centuries, there has been controversy around whether being upright (sitting, birthing stools, chairs, squatting, kneeling) or lying down have advantages for women delivering their babies. To assess the benefits and risks of the use of different positions during the second stage of labour (i.e. from full dilatation of the uterine cervix). We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Trials Register (28 February 2012). Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of any upright or lateral position assumed by pregnant women during the second stage of labour compared with supine or lithotomy positions. Secondary comparisons include comparison of different upright positions and the lateral position. Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and assessed trial quality. At least two review authors extracted the data. Data were checked for accuracy. Results should be interpreted with caution as the methodological quality of the 22 included trials (7280 women) was variable.In all women studied (primigravid and multigravid) there was a non-significant reduction in duration of second stage in the upright group (mean difference (MD) -3.71 minutes; 95% confidence interval (CI) -8.78 to 1.37 minutes; 10 trials, 3485 women; random-effects, I(2) = 94%), a significant reduction in assisted deliveries (risk ratio (RR) 0.78; 95% CI 0.68 to 0.90; 19 trials, 6024 women, I(2)= 27%), a reduction in episiotomies (average RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.90, 12 trials, 4541 women; random-effects, I(2) = 7%), an increase in second degree perineal tears (RR 1.35; 95% CI 1.20 to 1.51, 14 trials, 5367 women), increased estimated blood loss greater than 500 ml (RR 1.65; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.60; 13 trials, 5158 women, asymmetric funnel plot indicating publication bias), fewer abnormal fetal heart rate patterns (RR 0.46; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.93; two trials, 617 women). In primigravid women the use of any upright compared with supine positions was associated with: non-significant reduction in duration of second stage of labour (nine trials: mean 3.24 minutes, 95% CI 1.53 to 4.95 minutes) - this reduction was largely due to women allocated to the use of the birth cushion. The findings of this review suggest several possible benefits for upright posture in women without epidural, but with the possibility of increased risk of blood loss greater than 500 mL. Until such time as the benefits and risks of various delivery positions are estimated with greater certainty, when methodologically stringent data from trials are available, women should be allowed to make choices about the birth positions in which they might wish to assume for birth of their babies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                reeusp
                Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP
                Rev. esc. enferm. USP
                Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0080-6234
                1980-220X
                2020
                : 54
                : e03610
                Affiliations
                [1] Santa Maria RS orgnameUniversidade Franciscana orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Materno Infantil Brasil
                [2] Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria orgdiv1Departamento de Fisioterapia e Reabilitação Brazil
                Article
                S0080-62342020000100807 S0080-6234(20)05400000807
                10.1590/s1980-220x2018027503610
                fb0b4506-8ba5-4e3e-b5d3-8785f6a834f2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 January 2020
                : 25 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Revista de Enfermagem


                Revisão,Review,Modalidades de Posição,Parto,Enfermagem Obstétrica,Meta-Analysis,Metaanálisis,Revisión,Laceraciones,Enfermería Obstetrica,Modalidades de Posición,Lacerations,Modalities, Position,Parturition,Obstretric Nursing,Lacerações,Metanálise

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