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      Investigation on the acquisition of scientific competences during medical studies and the medical doctoral thesis Translated title: Untersuchung zum wissenschaftlichen Kompetenzerwerb im Medizinstudium und während der Promotion

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          Abstract

          Background: Not only the amount of research related contents in German medical studies are objects of criticism, but also the medical doctoral thesis. However, the question which research competences are truly acquired within medical school and the doctoral phase is empirically open, and is thus pursued in the following research study.

          Methods: We used data from the Bavarian Medical Graduate Panel Survey (MediBAP) (N=455), where respondents assessed their own research competences. To consolidate the data, we analysed qualitative interviews with doctoral medical graduates and students from the E-Prom study (N=14).

          Results: The quantitative analyses show that medical graduates evaluate the medical curriculum's research contents and their acquired competences as rather low. Doctoral graduates rate their competence of pursuing research independently higher than medical graduates who have not finished their doctorate. The qualitative analyses are in line with these results, as they point to the predominant development of competences during the doctoral phase. Despite this clearly positive trend, the majority of the respondents don't feel confident enough to undertake research independently also after attaining their doctoral degree.

          Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the need for a more systematic and targeted mediation and review of research competences within the regular medical curriculum.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund: Das Medizinstudium in Deutschland steht in Bezug auf seine wissenschaftlichen Inhalte ebenso in der Kritik wie die medizinische Promotion. Welche wissenschaftlichen Kompetenzen Studierende der Medizin im Rahmen des Studiums und der Promotion tatsächlich erlernen ist jedoch eine empirisch offene Frage, der die folgende Arbeit nachgehen möchte.

          Methoden: Zunächst wurden Daten des bayerischen Mediziner/innen-Absolventenpanels (MediBAP) herangezogen (N=455), in dem Befragte ihre Kompetenzen in Bezug auf übergreifende wissenschaftsbezogene Kompetenzen einschätzten. Zur Vertiefung der Daten wurden qualitative Interviews der E-Prom Studie mit promovierten und promovierenden Medizinerinnen und Medizinern ausgewertet (N=14).

          Ergebnisse: Die quantitativen Auswertungen weisen auf eine geringe Bewertung wissenschaftlicher Studieninhalte sowie eine generell geringe wissenschaftliche Kompetenzeinschätzung hin. Promovierte schätzen ihre Kompetenzen in den Bereichen des eigenständigen Forschens signifikant besser ein. Im Einklang mit diesen Ergebnissen stehen die qualitativen Analysen, die auf die vorwiegende Kompetenzentwicklung in der Promotionsphase hindeuten. Trotz der deutlich positiven Entwicklung im Rahmen der Promotion traut sich der Großteil der Befragten am Ende der Promotionsphase keine selbständige Forschungstätigkeit zu.

          Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit unterstreichen, dass eine systematischere und zielorientiertere Vermittlung und Überprüfung wissenschaftlicher Kompetenzen im Medizinstudium dringend notwendig sind.

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          Development of a questionnaire to assess medical competencies: Reliability and validity of the Questionnaire

          Introduction: While preparing a graduate survey for medical education in 2008 we realized that no instrument existed that would be suitable to evaluate whether the learning outcomes outlined in the Medical Licensure Act (ÄAppO) would be met. Therefore we developed the Freiburg Questionnaire to Assess Competencies in Medicine (Freiburger Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Kompetenzen in der Medizin, FKM)1 which has been revised and extended several times since then. Currently the FKM includes 45 items which are assigned to nine domains that correspond to the CanMEDS roles: medical expertise, communication, team-work, health and prevention, management, professionalism, learning, scholarship, and personal competencies. Methods: In order to test the reliability and validity of the questionnaire we have repeatedly surveyed medical students and residents since May 2008. In this article we report on the results of a cross-sectional study with 698 medical students from the preclinical and clinical years. In addition, we report the results of a survey of 514 residents who were up to two years into their residency. Results and conclusions: In summary, results show that the scales of the FKM are reliable (Cronbach’s α between .68 and .97). Significant differences in means between selected groups of students support the measure’s construct validity. Furthermore, there is evidence that the FKM might be used as a screening tool e.g. in graduate surveys to identify weaknesses in the medical education curriculum.
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            Importance and benefits of the doctoral thesis for medical graduates

            Introduction: The majority of medical graduates in Germany complete a doctorate, even though a doctoral degree is not necessary for the practice of medicine. So far, little is known about doctoral candidates’ view on the individual benefit a doctoral thesis has for them. Consequently, this is the subject of the present investigation. Method: Data from surveys with graduates of the five medical faculties of Baden-Württemberg from the graduation years 2007/2008 (N=514) and 2010/2011 (N=598) were analysed. Results: One and a half years after graduating 53% of those interviewed had completed their doctorate. When asked about their motivation for writing a doctoral thesis, participants answered most frequently “a doctorate is usual” (85%) and “improvement of job opportunities” (75%), 36% said that an academic career has been their primary motive. Less than 10% responded that they used their doctoral thesis as a means to apply for a job. The proportion of graduates working in health care is equally large among those who have completed a thesis and those who have not. Graduates who pursued a thesis due to scientific interest are also currently more interested in an academic career and recognise more opportunities for research. An implicit benefit of a medical thesis emerged with regard to the self-assessment of scientific competences as those who completed a doctorate rated their scientific competencies higher than those who have not. Discussion: Although for the majority of physicians research interest is not the primary motivation for completing a doctorate, they might nevertheless achieve some academic competencies. For graduates pursuing an academic career the benefit of completing a medical thesis is more obvious.
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              [The German academic degree "Dr. med." is better than its reputation. Results of a questionnaire of doctoral students].

              Recently there were mostly emotional debates about the scientific background and relevance of the German academic title "Dr. med.", while objective data are scarce.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS Journal for Medical Education
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2366-5017
                15 May 2018
                2018
                : 35
                : 2
                : Doc20
                Affiliations
                [1 ]LMU Munich, University Hospital, Institute for Medical Education, Munich, Germany
                [2 ]Technical University of Munich, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, TUM Medical Education Center, Munich, Germany
                [3 ]Bavarian State Institute for Higher Education Research and Planning (IHF), Munich, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Nurith Epstein, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Institute for Medical Education, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, D-80336 Munich, Germany, E-mail: nurith.epstein@ 123456med.uni-muenchen.de
                Article
                zma001167 Doc20 urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0011678
                10.3205/zma001167
                6022582
                29963610
                fb9978eb-767e-4477-a640-1c3ea022f518
                Copyright © 2018 Epstein et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 16 August 2017
                : 26 January 2018
                : 12 December 2017
                Categories
                Article

                research competences,medical doctoral thesis,medical curriculum

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