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      Development and validation of a weather-based warning system to advise fungicide applications to control dollar spot on turfgrass

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          Abstract

          Dollar spot is one of the most common diseases of golf course turfgrass and numerous fungicide applications are often required to provide adequate control. Weather-based disease warning systems have been developed to more accurately time fungicide applications; however, they tend to be ineffective and are not currently in widespread use. The primary objective of this research was to develop a new weather-based disease warning system to more accurately advise fungicide applications to control dollar spot activity across a broad geographic and climactic range. The new dollar spot warning system was developed from data collected at field sites in Madison, WI and Stillwater, OK in 2008 and warning system validation sites were established in Madison, WI, Stillwater, OK, Knoxville, TN, State College, PA, Starkville, MS, and Storrs, CT between 2011 and 2016. A meta-analysis of all site-years was conducted and the most effective warning system for dollar spot development consisted of a five-day moving average of relative humidity and average daily temperature. Using this model the highest effective probability that provided dollar spot control similar to that of a calendar-based program across the numerous sites and years was 20%. Additional analysis found that the 20% spray threshold provided comparable control to the calendar-based program while reducing fungicide usage by up to 30%, though further refinement may be needed as practitioners implement this warning system in a range of environments not tested here. The weather-based dollar spot warning system presented here will likely become an important tool for implementing precision disease management strategies for future turfgrass managers, especially as financial and regulatory pressures increase the need to reduce pesticide usage on golf course turfgrass.

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          Applied Logistic Regression

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            The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Expression of Slow-Mildewing Resistance in Knox Wheat

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              Review of endocrine disorders associated with environmental toxicants and possible involved mechanisms.

              Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are released into environment from different sources. They are mainly used in packaging industries, pesticides and food constituents. Clinical evidence, experimental models, and epidemiological studies suggest that EDC have major risks for human by targeting different organs and systems in the body. Multiple mechanisms are involved in targeting the normal system, through estrogen receptors, nuclear receptors and steroidal receptors activation. In this review, different methods by which xenobiotics stimulate signaling pathways and genetic mutation or DNA methylation have been discussed. These methods help to understand the results of xenobiotic action on the endocrine system. Endocrine disturbances in the human body result in breast cancer, ovarian problems, thyroid eruptions, testicular carcinoma, Alzheimer disease, schizophrenia, nerve damage and obesity. EDC characterize a wide class of compounds such as organochlorinated pesticides, industrial wastes, plastics and plasticizers, fuels and numerous other elements that exist in the environment or are in high use during daily life. The interactions and mechanism of toxicity in relation to human general health problems, especially endocrine disturbances with particular reference to reproductive problems, diabetes, and breast, testicular and ovarian cancers should be deeply investigated. There should also be a focus on public awareness of these EDC risks and their use in routine life. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize all evidence regarding different physiological disruptions in the body and possible involved mechanisms, to prove the association between endocrine disruptions and human diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Investigation
                Role: Data curationRole: Investigation
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Validation
                Role: Data curationRole: Investigation
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                9 March 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 3
                : e0194216
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
                [3 ] Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
                [4 ] Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
                [5 ] Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
                [6 ] Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
                [7 ] Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
                Universita degli Studi di Pisa, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors share first authorship on this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3735-0229
                Article
                PONE-D-17-39189
                10.1371/journal.pone.0194216
                5844563
                29522560
                fbbebf8b-3ed2-405e-9e81-2db46e444c66
                © 2018 Smith et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 3 November 2017
                : 27 February 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 7, Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006029, United States Golf Association;
                Award Recipient : Damon Smith
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004217, Wisconsin Turfgrass Association;
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Oklahoma Turfgrass Research Foundation
                Award Recipient : Damon Smith
                Funding for this work was provided by the United States Golf Association ( www.usga.org) to D. Smith, the Wisconsin Turfgrass Association ( www.wisconsinturfgrassassociation.org) to J. Kerns, and the Oklahoma Turfgrass Research Foundation ( www.otrf.org) to D. Smith. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agrochemicals
                Fungicides
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Infectious Diseases
                Fungal Diseases
                Earth Sciences
                Atmospheric Science
                Meteorology
                Humidity
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Infectious Diseases
                Infectious Disease Control
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Meta-Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Statistical Methods
                Meta-Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Pathology
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Forecasting
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Statistical Methods
                Forecasting
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Education
                Schools
                Universities
                Custom metadata
                All data used to compile the disease warning system are included in the Dryad Digital Repository (DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9m771).

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                Uncategorized

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