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      Importancia de los maíces nativos de México en la dieta nacional: Una revisión indispensable Translated title: Importance of mexican maize landraces in the national diet: An essential review

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          Abstract

          En México las numerosas variedades de maíces (Zea mays L.) nativos se utilizan para elaborar además de la tortilla, una enorme cantidad de preparaciones culinarias tradicionales, lo que hace del maíz uno de los elementos fundamentales de la cocina nacional. Estos maíces siguen siendo el sustento de miles de familias rurales mexicanas. Sin embargo, ante el proceso de globalización se ha adoptado un estilo "moderno" de alimentación que tiende a sustituir a los platillos tradicionales por alimentos procesados, no necesariamente basados en maíz. Este hecho, junto con otros factores como el abandono del campo, la pérdida de memoria biocultural y el cambio climático, hacen que peligre la existencia de los maíces nativos. Conservarlos es una tarea ineludible que requiere definir estrategias a corto plazo. En este trabajo se hace explícito el papel fundamental que actualmente desempeñan los maíces nativos en la dieta mexicana, pese a los cambios registrados en los patrones de consumo alimentario. También se enlistan las preparaciones culinarias tradicionales que tienen como base el maíz, con énfasis en la relación que existe entre usos especiales, razas nativas y las características fisicoquímicas de los granos. Se destaca la necesidad de potenciar la demanda de maíces nativos a partir de la revalorización de los usos tradicionales, así como del impulso de usos novedosos y prácticas alternativas que no han sido suficientemente explotadas. Todas estas acciones son parte de las estrategias para coadyuvar en la conservación in situ de los maíces nativos mexicanos.

          Translated abstract

          In México, numerous varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) landraces are employed for preparation of a great amount of traditional culinary dishes in addition to tortillas. Maize is a fundamental element of the national cuisine. Additionally, native landraces are the livelihood of thousands of Mexican rural families. However, under globalization tendencies, "modern" eating habits are being adopted, substituting traditional dishes for processed foods, which are not necessarily maize-based. This fact, along with other factors such as biocultural memory loss, agricultural activities abandonment, or climate change endanger landrace existence. Conserving native maize varieties is an urgent task, which requires short-term strategies. This review describes the fundamental role maize landraces play in the Mexican diet, in spite of changes in food consumption patterns already registered in México. A number of traditional maize-based culinary preparations, emphasizing the relationship between special uses, races and the physicochemical characteristics of the grains, are described. This review promotes demand increments of native maize landraces based on reevaluation of traditional uses, as well as promotion of novel uses and alternative practices that have not been properly exploited. All these actions take part of the strategies for in situ conservation of Mexican maize landraces.

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          Antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds and anthocyanins content of eighteen strains of Mexican maize

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            Assessing the vulnerability of traditional maize seed systems in Mexico to climate change.

            Climate change is predicted to have major impacts on small-scale farmers in Mexico whose livelihoods depend on rain-fed maize. We examined the capacity of traditional maize seed systems to provide these farmers with appropriate genetic material under predicted agro-ecological conditions associated with climate change. We studied the structure and spatial scope of seed systems of 20 communities in four transects across an altitudinal gradient from 10-2,980 m above sea level in five states of eastern Mexico. Results indicate that 90% of all of the seed lots are obtained within 10 km of a community and 87% within an altitudinal range of ±50 m but with variation across four agro-climate environments: wet lowland, dry lowland, wet upper midlatitude, and highlands. Climate models suggest a drying and warming trend for the entire study area during the main maize season, leading to substantial shifts in the spatial distribution patterns of agro-climate environments. For all communities except those in the highlands, predicted future maize environments already are represented within the 10-km radial zones, indicating that in the future farmers will have easy access to adapted planting material. Farmers in the highlands are the most vulnerable and probably will need to acquire seed from outside their traditional geographical ranges. This change in seed sources probably will entail important information costs and the development of new seed and associated social networks, including improved linkages between traditional and formal seed systems and more effective and efficient seed-supply chains. The study has implications for analogous areas elsewhere in Mexico and around the world.
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              Isozymatic and Morphological Diversity in the Races of Maize of Mexico

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rfm
                Revista fitotecnia mexicana
                Rev. fitotec. mex
                Sociedad Mexicana de Fitogenética A.C. (Chapingo, Estado de México, Mexico )
                0187-7380
                2013
                : 36
                : suppl 3-a
                : 275-283
                Affiliations
                [03] Cuautitlán Izcalli Edo. de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán
                [01] México Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Programa Universitario de Alimentos México
                [02] México Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Química México galvez@ 123456unam.mx
                Article
                S0187-73802013000500004 S0187-7380(13)03600000004
                10.35196/rfm.2013.3-S3-A.275
                fff79bc6-ea31-493e-b7ee-9357531e4c04

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 November 2012
                : 28 July 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos de revisión

                dieta mexicana,usos especiales,usos culinarios,maíces nativos,Zea mays,Mexican diet,special uses,culinary uses,maize landraces

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