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“Modern Day Trojan Horse?” Analyzing the Nexus between Islamophobia and Anti-Refugee Sentiment in the United States
Abstract
Although Islamophobia in the United States has long predated the election of President Donald Trump, the collision of anti-Muslim and anti-refugee sentiments is a relatively new development. This article explores how the Islamophobia industry—notably the Center for Security Policy and ACT for America—has mobilized its anti-Muslim ideologies to dismantle the U.S. Refugee Admissions Programs (USRAP). A review of works by prominent anti-Muslim authors demonstrates how the Islamophobia industry misconstrues migration—or “hijra”—as a national security threat, by linking refugees to “civilization jihad” and terrorism. Consequently, the Islamophobia industry has undermined the traditional bipartisan consensus on refugee resettlement in the United States dating back to World War II. The Trump administration has lent high-level support and impact to these ideologies by enacting the so-called “Muslim Ban” to prevent Muslim refugees from entering the United States. This article traces the history of U.S. refugee resettlement policy and explores the contemporary challenge it faces from rising Islamophobia.
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ENDNOTES
Donald Trump, 2015.
Adam Liptak and Michael Shear, 2018.
Ibid.
Michael Shear and Zolan Kanno-Youngs,, 2019.
John Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin, 2011: 176–177.
The Center for Security Policy, 2010.
Niskanen Center, 2019.
William Kilpatrick, 2015; James Simpson, 2015.
Southern Poverty Law Center, n.d.
Ibid. and David Noriega, 2016.
Brigitte Gabriel, 2008a, 2008b.
ACT for America, www.actforamerica.org/.
Southern Poverty Law Center, n.d.
Bridge Initiative Team, 2017.
Southern Poverty Law Center, n.d
David Noriega, 2016.
Southern Poverty Law Center, n.d.
Ibid.
Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, n.d.
Refugee Council USA, n.d.
Niskanen Center, 2019.
Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, n.d.
Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, 2019..
Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, n.d.
Refugee Council USA, n.d.
Refugee Processing Center, n.d.
Refugee Council USA, n.d.
Ibid.
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 2018.
Refugee Council USA, n.d.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, n.d.; National Immigration Forum, 2019.
Refugee Processing Center, n.d.
Jens Manuel Krogstad, 2019.
Phillip Connor, 2016.
Kilpatrick, 2016: 116.
Encyclopedia Britannica, inc., 2018.
Lumen Learning, n.d.
Hussam S. Timani, 2015: 112.
Ibid.
Kilpatrick, 2016: 116.
Ibid: 131.
Ibid:, 115
Frank J. Gaffney, 2015.
Sam Soloman and E. Al Maqdisi, 2009.
Corcoran, 2015: 61–68.
Ibid: 23–25.
Ibid: 47–52.
Ibid: 11.
Ibid: 7.
Ibid: 20.
Ibid: 7.
Muammar Gaddafi, 2016.
Corcoran, 2015: 58–59.
Simpson, 2015: 1.
Ibid: 3.
Ibid: 11–16.
Zoe Chace and Ira Glass, 2016.
ACT for America, n.d.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, n.d.; National Immigration Forum, 2019.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Alex Nowrasteh, 2019.
Zoe Chace and Ira Glass, 2016.
Corcoran, 2015: 76–78.
Zoe Chace and Ira Glass, 2016.
Ibid.
Donald Trump, 2015.
Ibid.
Donald Trump, 2017.
International Refugee Assistance Project, n.d.; Trump, President of the United States, Et Al. v. Hawaii, Et Al.
Liptak and Shear, 2018.
Donald Trump, 2017.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Donald Trump, 2015.
Bridge Initiative, 2018.
Nancy Cook, Nahal Toosi, and Ted Hesson, 2018.
Bridge Initiative, 2016.
Peter Beinart, 2017.
Ibid and Miranda Blue, 2016.
Ibid.
Shear and Kanno-Youngs, 2019.
Donald Trump, 2019.
Kirk Siegler, 2019.