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The South China Sea Disputes: Territorial and Maritime Differences Between the Philippines and China
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Notes
China Power, ‘How much trade transits the South China Sea?‘ [2017] China Power
O, Saleem. ‘The Spratlay Islands Dispute: China Defines the New Millennium’ [2000] 5 American University International Law Review 3 at 532
Murphy, B. ‘Dangerous Ground: The Spratly Islands and International Law’ [1995] 1 Ocean and Coastal Law Journal 187 at 188
Freedom land was established in 1954
Note 4
Note 4 at 194
At Note 4 at 190
N, Roca. ‘Whose Land is it anyway? : The Territorial and Maritime Dispute over the Spratlay Islands’ [2017] 12 FIUL. Rev 391 at 397
Note 9
At Note 9
C, Rossi. ‘Treaty of Tordesillas Syndrome: Sovereignty Ad Absurdum and The South China Sea Arbitration’ [2017] 50 Cornell Journal of International Law at 231
S, Cheney-Peters. ‘China's Nine Dash Line Faces Renewed Assault’ [2014] Center for International Maritime Security
According to www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/spratly-claims.htm China controls: Curateon Reef, Fiery Cross Reef, Gaven Reef, Hughes Reef, Johnson Reef, Mischief Reef and Subi Reef
D, Andreff. ‘Legal Implications of China's Land Reclamation Projects on the Spratly Islands’ [2015] 47 New York University Journal of International Law & Policy 5 at 857
Note 3
China is the second largest economic power and managed growth of 6.8% in the fiscal year of 2016–2017 https://ieconomics.com/china-gdp-annual-growth-rate
A McCoy, ‘Circles of Steel, Castles of Vanity: The Geopolitics of Military Bases on the South China Sea’ [2016] 75 The Journal of Asian Studies 4 at 979
B, Taylor-Stammer, ‘Territorial Disputes at the ICJ’ [2004] 53 Duke Law Journal at 1779
J, Gaddis. ‘Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security during the Cold War’ (2015) (New York: Oxford University Press) at 29
Note 19 at 1006
J, Cheng. ‘Why China won't back off the South China Sea – whatever the world might say’ [2016] The Conversation. Found at http://theconversation.com/why-china-wont-back-off-the-south-china-sea-what-ever-the-world-might-say-62248
Note 12 at 239
M, Cheung. R, Sumaila & C, Schofield. ‘Fishing, not oil, is at the heart of the South China Sea dispute’ [2016] The Conversation (Published August 15th 2016) Found at https://theconversation.com/fishing-not-oil-is-at-the-heart-of-the-south-china-sea-dispute-63580
Z, Gao & J, Bing Bing. ‘The Nine-Dash Line in the South China Sea: History, Status, and Implications’ [2013] 107 Am. J. Int'l L. at 100
R, Pedrozo. ‘China versus Vietnam: An Analysis of Competing Claims in the South China Sea, CNA Occasional Paper’ [2014] Channel NewsAsia at Page 7
S, Jiaming, ‘China's Sovereignty over the South China Sea: A Historical Perspective’ [2002] Chinese JIL 93–157 at 102–104
X, Vagg. ‘Resources in the South China Sea’ [2012] American Security Project (Published December 4th 2012). Available at https://www.americansecurityproject.org/resources-in-the-south-china-sea/
A, Stanley. A Simeniski & S, Ladislaw. ‘China's Net Oil Import Problem’.[2017] Centre for Strategic and International Studies (Published April 10, 2017) Available at https://www.csis.org/analysis/energy-fact-opinion-chinas-net-oil-import-problem
Note 29
D, Ma. “China Digs It”. [2012] Foreign Affairs (Published 25th April 2012).
M, Velasco. ‘Philippines – China Relations: The Case of the South China Sea (Spratly Islands) Claims’ [2014] 2 Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 6 at 80
Note 14
Note 34 at 31
Note 34
Ibid
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) Article 55 (thereafter UNCLOS in notes)
Ibid at Article 76
A Calazona, & C, Bantino, . ‘Rodrigo Duterte pledges to jet ski to a disputed South China Sea island’.[2016] Sydney Morning Herald (Published 3rd May 2016) Available at https://www.smh.com.au/world/rodrigo-duterte-pledges-to-jet-ski-to-a-disputed-south-china-sea-island-20160503-goknao.html
Republic of the Philippines V The People's Republic of China [2016] PCA Case No 2013–19
Note 25
ABS-CBN News. ‘Walang gasolinahan’: Why Duterte cancelled jet ski ride to PH Rise'. [2018] ABS-CBN News (Published May 16th 2018)
Filipino National Economic and Development Authority, ‘Philippine Development Plan abridged version 2017–2022‘ [2017] (National Economic and Development Authority: Pasig City) at Page 19–20
Ibid at Pages 2–5
AFP, ‘World Tribunal to Hear South China Sea Case’ [2015] Bangkok Post. Published 30th October 2015.
Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China in The Republic of the Philippines presents its compliments to the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Philippines and, with reference to the Latter's Note Verbale no 12-0211 dated 22nd January 2013 (2013) No.(13)PG-329
Ibid 49
Note 51 Ibid at 141–152
Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China on the Award of 12 July 2016 of the Arbitral Tribunal in the South China Sea Arbitration Established at the Request of the Republic of the Philippines (12/7/2016) Available at: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/nanhai/eng/snhwtlcwj_1/t1379492.htm
UN Judicial Regime of Historic Waters including Historic Bays. UN Doc A/CN.4/143 (9th March 1962)
Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1982, p. 18 at pp. 73–74, para. 100.
Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador V Honduras) [1992]ICJ Reports at 732 at 756, para.44 (diss. op. Oda).
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain, [2001] ICJ Reports, at. 173, para. 90
UNCLOS[1982] Article 298
Note 42 at P67-68
Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China on China's Territorial Sea, 4 September 1958, section 1, reproduced in Department of Policy, Legislation and Planning, State Oceanic Administration (ed), Collection of the Sea Laws and Regulations of the People's Republic of China (4th edn., 2012), 295.
Below note 88
Note 78
Ibid
Below Note 85
I, Jiming &L, Dexia, ‘The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the South China Sea’ [????] A Note, 34 OCEAN DEV. & INT'L L. 287 at 293
Note 155 at 11
Note 42 at 227
Statement by Ambassador WU Haitao, Head of the Chinese Delegation and Deputy Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations, Under Agenda Item “Report of the Secretary General” at the 26th Meeting of States Parties to the UNCLOS (23rd of June 2016)
Id., North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) [1969], ICJ Reports 3, para. 96
L, Gu. ‘SCS arbitration tribunal's erroneous exercise of jurisdiction violates UNCLOS: law expert’ [2016] Xinhua. Available at: http://www.ecns.cn/voices/2016/05-24/211722.shtml
UN Judicial Reigme of Historic Waters including Historic Bays. UN Doc A/CN.4/143 (9th March 1962) Para 185
Note 42 at 268
Ibid 99 at 267
Note 42 at para 270 in ref to Gulf of Maine as below
Visiongain, ‘The Deepwater & Ultra Deepwater Exploration & Production Market 2013–2023‘ (2013) Visiongain
Note 42
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada v. United States), Judgment, ICJ Reports [1984] p. 246 at pp. 341–342, para. 235.
People's Republic of China, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf Act (26 June 1998), available at <www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007–12/11/content_1383573.htm> also available at <www.un.org/depts/los/legislationandtreaties/pdffiles/chn_1998_eez_act.pdf>.
PCA at 275
Chinese society for International Law, The South China Sea Arbitration Awards: A Critical Study [2018] 17 Chinese Journal of International Law 2 at 530
42 at Merits Hearing Tr. (Day 2), pp. 8–9;
Note 93 at P118 at Para 272
I, Papanucolopulu. ‘The Land dominates the Sea (Dominates the Land Dominates the Sea’ [2018] Questions of International Law. Available at: www.qil-qdi.org/land-dominates-sea-dominates-sea/
PCA at 286
Note 42
UNCLOS[1982] Article 298(1)
U IBID at Article 121(3)
42 in Reference to the Written Submissions of the Philippines to the arbitral Tribunal [2013] Numbers 03–06
Note 121 at Article 121(1)
Note 42 at 174
UNCLOS [1982] Article 13(2)
Ibid Article 13(1)
42 At Para 316
Ibid at para 326
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) [2012] ICJ Reports, p. 624 at p. 644, para. 35.
Y, Lyons.‘ High Tide Features in the SCS Aribtration: Distinguishing Small and Insular Land Areas From Seabed Formations, Session 4‘ [2017] Presentation at Centre for International Law in Singapore, 5-6th January
I, Saunders. ‘The South China Sea Award, Artificial Islands and Territory’ [2018] 34 Australian Yearbook of International Law at 32
122 at Para 1008
42 at 309
42 at Merits Hearing Tr (Day 4), p. 11.
Note 118
Note 42 at Para 37
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties [1969] Articles 31–32
Note 135
N, Klein. ‘Islands and Rocks after The South China Sea Arbitration’ [2016] 36 Australian Yearbook of International Law 1 at 3
Note 42 at 484
42 at 487
42 at 488
Itu Aba is currently under the occupation of Taiwan but Taiwan is not recognised by the vast majority of the world's nations. Taiwan and its territories are instead considered as a part of China in rebellion under the ‘One China policy’. Although some nations such as the USA and UK only acknowledge the position of the PRC's ‘One China Policy’.
Note 42 at Page 26
Note 42 at 616
Note 42 at 617
Note 42 at 411
SCS Arbitration, Memorial of the Philippines, 30 March 2014, vol. I, paras.5.28–5.33
UNCLOS [1982] Article 121
Note 165 at 83
Nicragua V United States of America [1986] ICJ Reports at 197
Note 85 at 84–84
Clive Schofield, John R.V. Prescott, and Robert van de Poll. ‘An Appraisal of the Geographical Characteristics and Status of Certain Insular Features in the South China Sea, March 2015, 20, 27‘ [2015]; reproduced in SCS Arbitration, Supplemental Written Submissions of the Philippines, 16 March 2015, vol. IX: Annexes, Annex 513.
J, Crawford. ‘Acquisition and Transfer of Sovereignty’ [2012] (in Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law, Oxford: OUP) at 220
Below Note 163
Below Note 164 at 106–107
Miniquires and Erchos [1951] ICJ Reports at p47, 53–7
C, The-Kuang. ‘China's Claim of Sovereignty Over the Spratlay and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective’ [1991] 23 Case W Reg. Journal of international law 399 at 400
Note 3 at 537
Note 160 at 403
Islands of Palmas [1928] 22 AM J. Intl L 867 at 908 (judge Huber)
Eritrea/Yemen [1998] 114 ILR at 169
Note 155 at 48
Arbitral Award on the Subject of the difference relative to sovereignty over Clipperton island [1932] 26 AJIL 390–394 at 394
British National Archives, Islands in the South China Sea, Telegram GPS 240 from Peking to Foreign Office, 15th June 1933. British National Archives, FCP 21/1506. Territorial Disputes of China: Airspace and Issues in South China Sea [1976]
Note 165 at 49
Case Concerning The Temple of Preah Vihear: (Cambodia V Thailand)[1962] ICJ Reports at 26
Below note
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on China's Territorial Sovereignty and Maritime Rights and Interests in the South China Sea [2016]
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua V Colombia) [2012] ICJ Reports at 80–81
Ibid note 172
B Murphy. ‘Dangerous Ground: The Spratly Islands and International Law’ [1995] 1 Ocean & Coastal LJ
Note 159 at 54
Note 12
Montevideo Convention [1933] Article 1
British National Archives, Islands in the South China Sea, Telegram No.304 from Peking to the Foreign Office, [24th may 1957], British National Archives for 371, 1273, Claims by China to Islands of the South China Seas 1957.
Burkino Faso V Mali [1986] ICJ Reports p554-555 at Para 596–587
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Issue of the South China Sea official statement [dated????]
Eretria/Ethiopia Boundary Dispute [2002] 130 ILRL at 42
159 at 404–406
M Antunes & N Sergio. ‘Acquiescence’ (2006) Max Planck Encyclopaedia of Public International Law (Oxford: OUP 2006)
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) [2007] I.C.J. Reports 2, pp. 713–722, paras. 176-208).
J Shen. ‘International Law Rules and Historical Evidence Supporting China's Title to the South China Sea Islands‘[1998] 21 Hastings Int'l& Comp L Rev at 34–35
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia[2012] ICJ Reports at 82–85
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chinese Note Verbale CML/ 8/2011, 14 April 2011, available at: http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33_09/chn_2011_re_phl_e.pdf
Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties [1969] Article 53
Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations[1970] GA Res. 2625 (XXV)
J Bing Bing. ‘The Principle of the Domination of the Land over the Sea: A Historical Perspective on the Adaptability of the Law of the Sea to New Challenges’ [2015] 52 German Yearbook of International Law at 14
Note 4
Note 36
Sovereignty over Pulau Litigan and Pulau Sipadau (Indonesia/Malaysia) [2002] ICJ Reports at 68
Filipino Presidential Decree-Declaring Certain Area Part of The Philippine Territory and Providing For Their Government and Administration. 11th June 1978
M Rosen. ‘Philippine Claims in The South China Sea: A Legal Analysis’ [2014] A CAN occasional paper, Published 2014 CNA at page 17
Note 172
Note 196 at 27–28
Note 198
Note 197
Association of South East Asian States, Joint Statement on The Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea at the ASEAN Conference [2002]
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v Bahrain) (Merits) [2001] ICJ Rep 40 at Para 206
Note 64 at Para 26
Note 122 at 309
Note 129 at 34
J, Kunz. ‘The Nature of Customary International Law’ (1953) The American Journal of International Law at 662–669
SS Lotus (France V Turkey) [1927] PCIJ
Note 129 at 36
Note 122 at para 505
Note 120 at Article 121(2)
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties [1969] Article 31
51 at 309
Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Pute, Middle Rocks and South Ledge Case(Malaysia V Singapore)[2013] ICJ Reports
Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Response to Freedom of Information Request Regarding Rockall 8th March 2012.
Note 140
Note 141
Below note 120 at Article 121
Note 138
S, Mollman. 'This Tiny Islet in the South China Sea is now officially a 'Rock' and the Implications are global'. Quatz july 25th 2017
Note 224
UNCLOS Article 47
Note 118 at Article 121
Guilfoyle, D. ‘A New Twist in the South China Sea Arbitration: The Chinese Society of International Law's Critical Study’ [2018] European Journal of International Law: Talk! Published May 25th 2018
UNCLOS [1986] Article 57
Note 12 at 232–233
A, Boyle. ‘Further Development of the law of the Sea: Mechanisms for Change’ (???) at 563
Note 97 at P255 at Para 631
Statute of the International Court of Justice [1945] Article 38