Punishment of Serious Human Rights Violations by Changing Internal Moral Codes

Williams, Katherine S

doi:10.13169/statecrime.2.2.0173

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State Crime Journal

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Punishment of Serious Human Rights Violations by Changing Internal Moral Codes

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Author(s): Katherine S. Williams ¹

Publication date (Print, pub): 1 October 2013

Journal: State Crime Journal

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: international punishment, failure of retributivism, Duff's expressive punishment, restoring rights and morals

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Abstract

The modern era has awoken a period of extreme terror used both by states and against them to attack peoples or their way of life. Modernity also gave rise to human rights, humanitarian ideals and with the rule of law; a growing belief in the power of law to deliver safety and justice. Unfortunately, neither internal state nor international law has yet delivered a just system of dealing with these problems. Even when called to account punishment falls short of what many expect. Law and punishment have been unable to deal with the fractured locus of power and legal requirements and the torn moral allegiance that often accompany human rights atrocities. International law fails to deliver either retribution or deterrence. Law (international and state) and punishment need to search for a different focus, one designed to sustain and promote human rights, one which might restore communities and individuals back into the rights family. Duff's expressive theory of punishment offers a solution. It expects clear and wide condemnation of atrocities to be expressed whilst guiding perpetrators to face their moral guilt, to publicly repent and improve their moral standing so permitting reintegration into the international community.

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Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): statecrime

Title: State Crime Journal

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 20466056

ISSN (Electronic): 20466064

Publication date (Print, pub): 1 October 2013

Volume: 2

Issue: 2

Pages: 173-195

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[1 ] Aberystwyth University;

Article

Publisher ID: statecrime.2.2.0173

DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.2.2.0173

SO-VID: 3cc25d9e-071e-47f1-a07b-1810b095f748

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References

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Haque, A.A. ( 2005) “Group Violence and Group Vengeance: Toward a Retributive Theory of International Criminal Law”, Buffalo Criminal Law Review 9: 273– 328.
Harding, C. and Ireland, R.W. ( 1989) Punishment: Rhetoric, Rule and Practice . London: Routledge.
Hart, H.L.A. ( 1958) “Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals”, Harvard Law Review 71: 593– 629.
Hart, H.L.A. ( 1968) Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hegel, G.W.F. ( 1821) Philosophy of Right – Third Part: Ethical Right (in Civil Society) . translated by T.M. Knox and reprinted in 1942. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heller, K.J. ( 2008) “Deconstructing International Criminal Law”, Michigan Law Review 106: 975– 1000.
Henberg, M. ( 1990) Retribution: Evil for Evil in Ethics, Law and Literature . Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Johnstone, G. and Ward, T. ( 2010) Law and Crime . London: Sage. Jorgensen, N. ( 2003) The Responsibility of States for International Crimes . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kaarthikeyan, S.D.R. ( 2005) “Root Causes of Terrorism? A Case Study of the Tamil Insurgency and the LTTE”, in T. Bjorgo, ed., Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward . Abingdon: Routledge.
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Kant, I. ( 1797) The Metaphysics of Morals . translated by M. Gregor and reprinted in 1996. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Luban, D. ( 2004) “A Theory of Crimes Against Humanity”, Yale Journal of International Law 29: 85– 167.
Moberley, W. ( 1968) The Ethics of Punishment . London: Faber.
Moyn, S. ( 2010) The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Narayan, U. ( 1993) “Appropriate Responses and Preventive Benefits: Justifying Censure and Hard Treatment in Legal Punishment”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 13: 166– 82.
Nino, C.S. ( 1996) Radical Evil on Trial . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Nozick, R. ( 1981) Philosophical Explanations . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Olick, J.K. ( 2005) In the House of the Hangman: The Agonies of German Defeat, 1943–1949 . Chicago: Chicago University Press.
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Rawls, J. ( 1971) A Theory of Justice . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Aiken, N.T. ( 2013) Identity, Reconciliation and Transnational Justice: Overcoming Interactionability in Divided Societies . Abingdon: Routledge, A Glasshouse Book.

[2] Alvarez, A. ( 2001) Governments, Citizens and Genocide . Indiana: Indiana University.

[3] Alvesalo, A. and Virta, E. ( 2003) “Researching Regulators and Paradoxes of Access”, in S. Tombs and D. Whyte, eds, Unmasking the Crimes of the Powerful . New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

[4] Amann, D.M. ( 2001) “Message as Medium in Sierra Leone”, International Law Students' Association Journal of International and Comparative Law 7( 2): 237– 46.

[5] Arendt, H. ( 1951) The Origins of Totalitarianism . San Diego: A Harvest Book.

[6] Arendt, H. ( 1963) “A Daughter of Our People: A Response to Gershom Scholem”, in P. Baehr, ed., The Portable Hannah Arendt (2000). New York: Penguin.

[7] Arendt, H. ( 1965) Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil . New York: Penguin.

[8] Arendt, H. ( 1994) Essays in Understanding . New York: Harcourt Brace.

[9] Arendt, H. and Jaspers, K. ( 1992) Correspondence 1926–1969 . New York: Harcourt Brace.

[10] Bass, G.J. ( 2000) Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

[11] Beccaria, C. ( 1764) Of Crimes and Punishments . Made available on the internet by Liberty Library. http://www.constitution.org/cb/crim_pun.htm (accessed June 2013).

[12] Bedau, R.A. ( 1969) Civil Disobedience: Theory and Practice . New York: Pegasus.

[13] Bedau, R.A. ( 1991) Civil Disobedience in Focus . (Philosophers in Focus). New York: Routledge.

[14] Bedau, R.A. ( 2001) “Feinburg's Liberal Theory of Punishment”, Buffalo Criminal Law Review 5( 1): 103– 44.

[15] Bernstein, R.J. ( 2001) “Radical Evil: Kant at War with Himself”, in M.P. Lara, ed., Rethinking Evil: Contemporary Perspectives . Berkeley: University of California Press.

[16] Braithwaite, J. and Petit, P. ( 1990) Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice . Oxford: Clarendon.

[17] Cassese, A. ( 2008) The Human Dimension of International Law: Selected Papers . Edited by P. Gaeta. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[18] Cassese, A. ( 2012) Tribute edition. European Journal of International Law 23( 4).

[19] Cassese, A. ( 2012) Antonio Cassese (1937–2011): Tribute edition. International Criminal Justice 10( 5).

[20] Childress, J.F. ( 1971) Civil Disobedience and Political Obligation . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

[21] Christie, N. ( 1977) “Conflicts as Property”, British Journal of Criminology 17( 1): 1– 15.

[22] Christie, N. ( 1981) Limits to Pain . Oxford: Martin Robertson.

[23] Christie, N. ( 2004) A Suitable Amount of Crime . London: Routledge.

[24] Cohen, S. ( 2002) “Human Rights and Crimes of the State: The Culture of Denial”, in E. McLaughlin, J. Muncie and G. Hughes, eds, Criminological Perspectives ( 2nd ed.). London: Sage.

[25] Coughlan, S. ( 2003) “Do Human Rights Stand a Chance Post 9/11?” The Times Higher Education Supplement , 29 August. Available online at http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=178828 (accessed June 2013).

[26] des Forges, A. ( 2004) Leave None to Tell the Story . Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch. Available online: http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/rwanda0399.htm at http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-02.htm#P62_27126 (accessed June 2013).

[27] Drumbl, M.A. ( 2007) Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[28] Duff, R.A. ( 1986) Trials and Punishment . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[29] Duff, R.A. ( 2001) Punishment, Communication and Community: Studies in Crime and Public Policy . (Part of the Studies in Public Policy series). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[30] Duff, R.A. ( 2007) Answering for Crime: Responsibility and Liability in the Criminal Law . Oxford: Hart Publishing.

[31] Durkheim, E. ( 1961) Moral Education . translated by E.E. Wilson and H. Schnurer. New York: The Free Press.

[32] Eagleton, T. ( 2010) On Evil . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

[33] Feinberg, J. ( 1965) “The Expressive Function of Punishment”, The Monist 49: 397– 423.

[34] Feinberg, J. ( 1970) “The Expressive Function of Punishment”, in J. Feinberg, ed., Doing and Deserving: Essays in the Theory of Responsibility . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

[35] Fichtelberg, A. ( 2005) “Crimes Beyond Justice? Retributivism and War Crimes”, Criminal Justice Ethics 24( 1): 31– 47.

[36] Finlay, W.M.L. ( 2007) “The Propaganda of Extreme Hostility: Denunciation and the Regulation of the Group”, British Journal of Social Psychology 46: 323– 41.

[37] Fraser, D. ( 2007) “Roma Sacer: Constructing the Gypsy Other?” in “British Political and Legal Discourse”, in M. Prum, B. Deschamps and M-C. Barbier, eds, Racial, Ethnic and Homophobic Violence: Killing in the Name of Otherness . New York: Routledge Cavendish.

[38] Friedrichs, D.O. ( 1998) State Crime (volumes 1 and 2). Aldershot: Dartmouth.

[39] Glendon, M.A. ( 2001) A World Order Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks.

[40] Green, P. and Ward, T. ( 2004) State Crime: Governments, Violence and Corruption . London: Pluto Press.

[41] Grono, N. ( 2012) “The Deterrent Effect of the ICC on the Commission of International Crimes by Government Leaders”. International Crisis Group. Available online at http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/speeches/2012/grono-the-deterrent-effect-of-the-icc.aspx (accessed June 2013).

[42] Hampton, J. ( 1984) “The Moral Education Theory of Punishment”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 13( 3): 208– 38.

[43] Haque, A.A. ( 2005) “Group Violence and Group Vengeance: Toward a Retributive Theory of International Criminal Law”, Buffalo Criminal Law Review 9: 273– 328.

[44] Harding, C. and Ireland, R.W. ( 1989) Punishment: Rhetoric, Rule and Practice . London: Routledge.

[45] Hart, H.L.A. ( 1958) “Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals”, Harvard Law Review 71: 593– 629.

[46] Hart, H.L.A. ( 1968) Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[47] Hegel, G.W.F. ( 1821) Philosophy of Right – Third Part: Ethical Right (in Civil Society) . translated by T.M. Knox and reprinted in 1942. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[48] Heller, K.J. ( 2008) “Deconstructing International Criminal Law”, Michigan Law Review 106: 975– 1000.

[49] Henberg, M. ( 1990) Retribution: Evil for Evil in Ethics, Law and Literature . Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Johnstone, G. and Ward, T. ( 2010) Law and Crime . London: Sage. Jorgensen, N. ( 2003) The Responsibility of States for International Crimes . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[50] Kaarthikeyan, S.D.R. ( 2005) “Root Causes of Terrorism? A Case Study of the Tamil Insurgency and the LTTE”, in T. Bjorgo, ed., Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward . Abingdon: Routledge.

[51] Kant, I. ( 1793) Religion within the Bounds of Reason Alone . Reprinted in 1999 as Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason: And Other Writings . (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[52] Kant, I. ( 1797) The Metaphysics of Morals . translated by M. Gregor and reprinted in 1996. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[53] Luban, D. ( 2004) “A Theory of Crimes Against Humanity”, Yale Journal of International Law 29: 85– 167.

[54] Moberley, W. ( 1968) The Ethics of Punishment . London: Faber.

[55] Moyn, S. ( 2010) The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[56] Narayan, U. ( 1993) “Appropriate Responses and Preventive Benefits: Justifying Censure and Hard Treatment in Legal Punishment”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 13: 166– 82.

[57] Nino, C.S. ( 1996) Radical Evil on Trial . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

[58] Nozick, R. ( 1981) Philosophical Explanations . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[59] Olick, J.K. ( 2005) In the House of the Hangman: The Agonies of German Defeat, 1943–1949 . Chicago: Chicago University Press.

[60] Osiel, M. ( 2001) Mass Atrocity, Ordinary Evil and Hannah Arendt: Criminal Consciousness in Argentina's Dirty War . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

[61] Osiel, M. ( 2005) “The Banality of Good: Aligning Incentives against Mass Atrocity”, Columbia Law Review 105( 6): 1751– 862.

[62] Post, J.M. ( 2005) “When Hatred is Bred in the Bone: The Socio-Cultural Underpinnings of Terrorist”, in T. Bjorgo, ed., Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward . Abingdon: Routledge.

[63] Provost, R. ( 2002) International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law . (Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law, no. 22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[64] Rawls, J. ( 1955) “Two Concepts of Rules”, Philosophical Review 64: 3– 32.

[65] Rawls, J. ( 1971) A Theory of Justice . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[66] Reinares, F. ( 2005) “Nationalist Separatism and Terrorism in Comparative Perspective”, in T. Bjorgo, ed., Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward . Abingdon: Routledge.

[67] Roht-Arriaza, N. ( 2006) “The New Landscape of Traditional Justice”, in N. Roht-Arriaza and J. Mariezcurrena, eds, Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth Versus Justice . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[68] Ross, J. ( 2000a) Varieties of State Crime and its Control . Monsey, NJ: Criminal Justice.

[69] Ross, J. ( 2000b) Controlling State Crime , 2nd edn. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

[70] Shklar, J. ( 1986) Legalism: Law, Morals and Political Trials . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[71] Singer, P. ( 1973) Democracy and Disobedience . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[72] Taylor, T. ( 1961) “Large Questions in Eichmann Case”, New York Times , 22 January, p. 6.

[73] Thoreau, H.D. ( 1849) “Resistance to Civil Government”, in E. Peabody, ed., Aesthetic Papers . Boston: Privately Printed.

[74] von Hirsch, A. ( 1986) Past of Future Crimes: Deservedness and Dangerousness in Sentencing of Crimes . Manchester: Manchester University Press.

[75] von Hirsch, A. ( 1993) Censure and Sanction . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[76] Waldorf, L. ( 2006) “Mass Justice for Mass Atrocity: Rethinking Local Justice as Transnational Justice”, Temple Law Review 1: 61.

[77] Williams, B. ( 1981) Moral Luck . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[78] Williams, K.S. ( 2010) “State Crime and Corruption”, in M. Maguire, F. Brookman, H. Pierpoint and T. Bennett, eds, Handbook on Crime . Cullompton: Willan.

[79] Wilson, R.A. ( 2001) The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

State Crime Journal

Punishment of Serious Human Rights Violations by Changing Internal Moral Codes

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