Negotiation in Automated E-Coaching

In this paper, we present the design of a negotiation protocol for behaviour change exercises that are supported by automated e-coaching systems. Negotiation is introduced as an interactive per-suasive strategy with the aim to improve adherence of exercises. The protocol is implemented in a mobile application, called SleepCare, that supports cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia. The interaction design of the application is centred around the paradigm of Talk-and-Tools. Talk repre-sents personalized conversations with a virtual e-coach, while Tools are represented by special-ized modules that form a coherent structure of input and output facilities. We focus on the tech-nique of sleep restriction, an intensive form of behaviour change that requires strong perseverance from the user. Both user and e-coach may negotiate about the attributes of the sleep restriction technique, here the duration of the total time in bed. The algorithm that calculates the negotiation space is personalized on the basis of previous sleeping behaviour of the coachee, the stage of the program and general constraints of the insomnia therapy. The system is evaluated by means of au-tomated simulations and data from a randomized controlled trial. More than 50% of the subjects who did sleep restriction as a behaviour changing exercise used the protocol in the first round and negotiated with the system about an agreed time in bed. We expect that negotiation includes a number of important adherence enhancing strategies in e-coaching: increase of the coachee’s au-tonomy, a sense of shared decision making and commitment.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Robbert Jan Beun

Fiemke Griffioen-Both

Jaap Lancee

Conference

Publication date: July 2018

Publication date (Print): July 2018

Pages: 1-10

Affiliations

[1 ] Utrecht University

Princetonplein 5, Utrecht

The Netherlands

[2 ] University of Amsterdam

PO box 15933, Amsterdam

The Netherlands

Article

DOI: 10.14236/ewic/HCI2018.24

SO-VID: 5b8274b1-5df3-4460-bfa4-b1828f924e4b

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: Proceedings of the 32nd International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference

Conference acronym: HCI

Conference number: 32

Conference location: Belfast, UK

Conference date: 4 - 6 July 2018

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

Conference theme: Human Computer Interaction Conference

History

Product

1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/HCI2018.24

Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/

REFERENCES

RMC AhnRJ BeunT BorghuisHC BuntCWAM van Overveld 1995 The DenK-architecture: a fundamental approach to user in-terfaces. AI Rev 8 431 445
RJ BeunF Griffioen-BothRMC AhnS FitrianieJ. Lancee 2014 Modelling interaction in au-tomated e-coaching: A case from insomnia ther-apy In: Proc. of COGNITIVE’14 May 25-29 2014 Venice, Italy
RJ BeunWP BrinkmanS FitrianieF Griffioen-BothC HorschJ LanceeAGL Spruit 2016 Improving Adherence in Automated e-Coaching: A Case from Insomnia Therapy In: Proc. of PERSUASIVE 2016. Meschtscherjakov, A, De Ruyter, B, Fuchsberger, V, Murer, M & Tscheligi, M (eds) LNCS 9638 Berlin: Springer 276 287
RJ BeunS FitrianieF Griffioen-BothAGL SpruitC HorschJ LanceeWP Brinkman 2017 Talk and Tools - The best of both worlds in mobile user interfaces for E-coaching Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 21 4 661 674
TW BickmoreRW Picard 2005 Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer rela-tionships ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 12 2 293 327
C CharlesA GafniT Whelan 1997 Shared Decision-Making in the Medical Encounter: What Does It Mean? (Or It Takes At Least Two To Tango) Soc Sci Med 44 5 681 692
RB Cialdini 1993 Influence: Science and Prac-tice New York Pearson
JD EdingerCE Carney 2008 Overcoming insomnia: a cognitive-behavioral therapy ap-proach-therapist guide New York Oxford Uni-versity Press
CA EspieSD KyleC WilliamsJC Ong, Doug-las, NJ, P HamesMA OxonJSL Brown 2012 A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia Disorder Delivered via an Au-tomated Media-Rich Web Application SLEEP 35 6 769 781
S FitrianieF Griffioen-BothS SpruitJ LanceeRJ Beun 2015 Automated dialogue genera-tion for behaviour intervention on mobile devic-es Procedia Comput Sci 63 236 243
BJ Fogg 2003 Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do Amsterdam Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
F Griffioen-BothS SpruitS FitrianieJ LanceeRJ Beun 2016 Testing for mobile e-health interventions SAC’16, April 4-8 2016 Pisa
CHG HorschWP BrinkmanRM van EijkMA Neerincx 2012 Towards the usage of per-suasive strategies in a virtual sleep coach Proc. of UKHCI 2012 Workshop on People Comput-ers & Psychotherapy Birmingham September 10 2012
CHG HorschJ Lancee, Griffioen-F BothS SpruitS FitrianieB Neerincxeun, RJ & WP Brinkman 2017 Mobile Phone-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia: A Randomized Waitlist Controlled Trial J Med Internet Res 19 4 e70
EL Hutchins 1989 Metaphors for interface de-sign MM TaylorF NéelDG Bouwhuis (eds.) The structure of multimodal dialogue, North-Holland 11 28
BA KamphorstA Kalis 2015 Why option gen-eration matters for the design of autonomous e-coaching systems AI & Society 30 1 77 88
PR KoJA KientzEK ChoeM KayCA LandisNF Watson 2015 Consumer sleep technolo-gies: a review of the landscape J Clin Sleep Med 11 12 1455 1461
E KoffelE KuhnN PetsoulisCR ErbesS An-dersJE HoffmanJI RuzekMA Polusny 2018 A randomized controlled pilot study of CBT-I Coach: feasibility, acceptability, and po-tential impact of a mobile phone application for patients in cognitive behavioral therapy for in-somnia Health Inf J 24 1 3 13
SD KyleMRJ AquinoCB MillerAL HenryMR CrawfordCA EspieAJ Spielman 2005 Towards standardisation and improved under-standing of sleep restriction therapy for insomnia disorder: A systematic examination of CBT-I trial content Sleep Med Rev 23 83 88
F LegareS RatteK GravelID Graham 2008 Barriers and facilitators to implementing shared decision making in clinical practice: Update of a systematic review of health professionals’ per-ceptions Patient Educ. Couns. 73 526 35
R LinS Kraus 2010 Can automated agents proficiently negotiate with humans? Communica-tions of the ACM 53 1 78 88
MD MitchellP GehrmanM PerlisCA Umscheid 2012 Comparative effectiveness of cogni-tive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systemat-ic review BMC Fam Pract 13 40
CB MillerCA EspieDR EpsteinL FriedmanCM MorinWR Pigeon 2014 The evidence base of sleep restriction therapy for treating in-somnia disorder Sleep Med Rev 18 5 415 424
CM MorinRR BootzinDJ BuysseJD EdingerCA EspieKL Lichstein 2006 Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: Update of the recent evidence (1998-2004) SLEEP 29 11 1398 1414
CM MorinCA Espie 2003 Insomnia. A clinical Guide to Assessment and Treatment New York Springer
AA OngMB Gillespie 2016 Overview of smartphone applications for sleep analysis. World J of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2 1 45 49
MJ OsborneA Rubinstein 1994 A Course in Game Theory Cambridge (Mass) The MIT Press
B ReevesC Nass 1996 The media equation: how people treat computers, television and new media like real people and places Cambridge CUP
C RichCL SidnerN Lesh 2001 Collagen: applying collaborative discourse theory to hu-man-computer interaction AI Mag 22 4 15 25
L Sandman 2009 The concept of negotiating in shared decision making Health Care Analysis 17 3 236 243
DJ Schulman-GreenAD NaikEH BradleyR McCorkleST Bogardus 2006 Goal setting as a shared decision-making strategy among cli-nicians and their older patients Patient Educ Couns 63 145 51
A van StratenJ EmmelkampJ de WitJ LanceeG AnderssonEJW van SomerenP Cuijpers 2013 Guided Internet delivered cognitive be-havioural treatment for insomnia: a randomized trial Psychological Medicine 44 7 1521 1532
A van StratenT van der ZweerdeA KleiboerP CuijpersCM MorinJ Lancee 2017 Cog-nitive and behavioral therapies in the treatment of insomnia: A meta-analysis Sleep Med Rev 38 3 16
E VermeireH HearnshawP van RoyenJ Den-ekens 2001 Patient adherence to treatment: three decades of research: a comprehensive re-view J of Clin Pharm and Therap 26 331 342
T Winograd 1971 Procedures as a representation for data in a computer program for understand-ing natural language, MAC-TR-84, MIT Project MAC
R ZachariaeMS LybyLM RitterbandMS O’Toole 2016 Efficacy of internet-delivered cogni-tive-behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systemat-ic review and meta-analysis of randomized con-trolled trials Sleep Med Rev 30 1 10
M ZuckermanJ PoracD LathinR SmithEL Deci 1978 On the importance of self-determination for intrinsically motivated behav-iour Pers & Soc Psych Bull 4 443 446

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] RMC AhnRJ BeunT BorghuisHC BuntCWAM van Overveld 1995 The DenK-architecture: a fundamental approach to user in-terfaces. AI Rev 8 431 445

[2] RJ BeunF Griffioen-BothRMC AhnS FitrianieJ. Lancee 2014 Modelling interaction in au-tomated e-coaching: A case from insomnia ther-apy In: Proc. of COGNITIVE’14 May 25-29 2014 Venice, Italy

[3] RJ BeunWP BrinkmanS FitrianieF Griffioen-BothC HorschJ LanceeAGL Spruit 2016 Improving Adherence in Automated e-Coaching: A Case from Insomnia Therapy In: Proc. of PERSUASIVE 2016. Meschtscherjakov, A, De Ruyter, B, Fuchsberger, V, Murer, M & Tscheligi, M (eds) LNCS 9638 Berlin: Springer 276 287

[4] RJ BeunS FitrianieF Griffioen-BothAGL SpruitC HorschJ LanceeWP Brinkman 2017 Talk and Tools - The best of both worlds in mobile user interfaces for E-coaching Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 21 4 661 674

[5] TW BickmoreRW Picard 2005 Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer rela-tionships ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 12 2 293 327

[6] C CharlesA GafniT Whelan 1997 Shared Decision-Making in the Medical Encounter: What Does It Mean? (Or It Takes At Least Two To Tango) Soc Sci Med 44 5 681 692

[7] RB Cialdini 1993 Influence: Science and Prac-tice New York Pearson

[8] JD EdingerCE Carney 2008 Overcoming insomnia: a cognitive-behavioral therapy ap-proach-therapist guide New York Oxford Uni-versity Press

[9] CA EspieSD KyleC WilliamsJC Ong, Doug-las, NJ, P HamesMA OxonJSL Brown 2012 A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia Disorder Delivered via an Au-tomated Media-Rich Web Application SLEEP 35 6 769 781

[10] S FitrianieF Griffioen-BothS SpruitJ LanceeRJ Beun 2015 Automated dialogue genera-tion for behaviour intervention on mobile devic-es Procedia Comput Sci 63 236 243

[11] BJ Fogg 2003 Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do Amsterdam Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

[12] F Griffioen-BothS SpruitS FitrianieJ LanceeRJ Beun 2016 Testing for mobile e-health interventions SAC’16, April 4-8 2016 Pisa

[13] CHG HorschWP BrinkmanRM van EijkMA Neerincx 2012 Towards the usage of per-suasive strategies in a virtual sleep coach Proc. of UKHCI 2012 Workshop on People Comput-ers & Psychotherapy Birmingham September 10 2012

[14] CHG HorschJ Lancee, Griffioen-F BothS SpruitS FitrianieB Neerincxeun, RJ & WP Brinkman 2017 Mobile Phone-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia: A Randomized Waitlist Controlled Trial J Med Internet Res 19 4 e70

[15] EL Hutchins 1989 Metaphors for interface de-sign MM TaylorF NéelDG Bouwhuis (eds.) The structure of multimodal dialogue, North-Holland 11 28

[16] BA KamphorstA Kalis 2015 Why option gen-eration matters for the design of autonomous e-coaching systems AI & Society 30 1 77 88

[17] PR KoJA KientzEK ChoeM KayCA LandisNF Watson 2015 Consumer sleep technolo-gies: a review of the landscape J Clin Sleep Med 11 12 1455 1461

[18] E KoffelE KuhnN PetsoulisCR ErbesS An-dersJE HoffmanJI RuzekMA Polusny 2018 A randomized controlled pilot study of CBT-I Coach: feasibility, acceptability, and po-tential impact of a mobile phone application for patients in cognitive behavioral therapy for in-somnia Health Inf J 24 1 3 13

[19] SD KyleMRJ AquinoCB MillerAL HenryMR CrawfordCA EspieAJ Spielman 2005 Towards standardisation and improved under-standing of sleep restriction therapy for insomnia disorder: A systematic examination of CBT-I trial content Sleep Med Rev 23 83 88

[20] F LegareS RatteK GravelID Graham 2008 Barriers and facilitators to implementing shared decision making in clinical practice: Update of a systematic review of health professionals’ per-ceptions Patient Educ. Couns. 73 526 35

[21] R LinS Kraus 2010 Can automated agents proficiently negotiate with humans? Communica-tions of the ACM 53 1 78 88

[22] MD MitchellP GehrmanM PerlisCA Umscheid 2012 Comparative effectiveness of cogni-tive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systemat-ic review BMC Fam Pract 13 40

[23] CB MillerCA EspieDR EpsteinL FriedmanCM MorinWR Pigeon 2014 The evidence base of sleep restriction therapy for treating in-somnia disorder Sleep Med Rev 18 5 415 424

[24] CM MorinRR BootzinDJ BuysseJD EdingerCA EspieKL Lichstein 2006 Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: Update of the recent evidence (1998-2004) SLEEP 29 11 1398 1414

[25] CM MorinCA Espie 2003 Insomnia. A clinical Guide to Assessment and Treatment New York Springer

[26] AA OngMB Gillespie 2016 Overview of smartphone applications for sleep analysis. World J of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2 1 45 49

[27] MJ OsborneA Rubinstein 1994 A Course in Game Theory Cambridge (Mass) The MIT Press

[28] B ReevesC Nass 1996 The media equation: how people treat computers, television and new media like real people and places Cambridge CUP

[29] C RichCL SidnerN Lesh 2001 Collagen: applying collaborative discourse theory to hu-man-computer interaction AI Mag 22 4 15 25

[30] L Sandman 2009 The concept of negotiating in shared decision making Health Care Analysis 17 3 236 243

[31] DJ Schulman-GreenAD NaikEH BradleyR McCorkleST Bogardus 2006 Goal setting as a shared decision-making strategy among cli-nicians and their older patients Patient Educ Couns 63 145 51

[32] A van StratenJ EmmelkampJ de WitJ LanceeG AnderssonEJW van SomerenP Cuijpers 2013 Guided Internet delivered cognitive be-havioural treatment for insomnia: a randomized trial Psychological Medicine 44 7 1521 1532

[33] A van StratenT van der ZweerdeA KleiboerP CuijpersCM MorinJ Lancee 2017 Cog-nitive and behavioral therapies in the treatment of insomnia: A meta-analysis Sleep Med Rev 38 3 16

[34] E VermeireH HearnshawP van RoyenJ Den-ekens 2001 Patient adherence to treatment: three decades of research: a comprehensive re-view J of Clin Pharm and Therap 26 331 342

[35] T Winograd 1971 Procedures as a representation for data in a computer program for understand-ing natural language, MAC-TR-84, MIT Project MAC

[36] R ZachariaeMS LybyLM RitterbandMS O’Toole 2016 Efficacy of internet-delivered cogni-tive-behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systemat-ic review and meta-analysis of randomized con-trolled trials Sleep Med Rev 30 1 10

[37] M ZuckermanJ PoracD LathinR SmithEL Deci 1978 On the importance of self-determination for intrinsically motivated behav-iour Pers & Soc Psych Bull 4 443 446

Celebrating 65 years of The Computer Journal - free-to-read perspectives - bcs.org/tcj65

Negotiation in Automated E-Coaching : an Application in Mobile Insomnia Treatment