Brazilian Amazon Traditional Medicine and the Treatment of Difficult to Heal Leishmaniasis Wounds withCopaifera

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Abstract

The present study describes the use of the traditional species Copaifera for treating wounds, such as ulcers scarring and antileishmanial wounds. It also relates phytochemical studies, evaluation of the leishmanicidal activity, and toxicity. The species of Copaifera with a higher incidence in the Amazon region are Copaifera officinalis , Copaifera reticulata , Copaifera multijuga Hayne. The copaiba oil is used in the Amazon’s traditional medicine, especially as anti-inflammatory ingredient, in ulcers healing, and in scarring and for leishmaniasis. Chemical studies have shown that these oils contain diterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The copaiba oil and terpenes isolated have antiparasitic activity, more promising in the amastigote form of L. amazonensis . This activity is probably related to changes in the cell membrane and mitochondria. The oil showed low cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Furthermore, it may interfere with immune response to infection and also has a healing effect. In summary, the copaiba oil is promising as leishmanicidal agent.

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Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family recognize conserved microbial structures, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and viral double-stranded RNA, and activate signaling pathways that result in immune responses against microbial infections. All TLRs activate MyD88-dependent pathways to induce a core set of stereotyped responses, such as inflammation. However, individual TLRs can also induce immune responses that are tailored to a given microbial infection. Thus, these receptors are involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms and components of these varied responses are only partly understood. Given the importance of TLRs in host defense, dissection of the pathways they activate has become an important emerging research focus. TLRs and their pathways are numerous; Science's Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment's TLR Connections Map provides an immediate, clear overview of the known components and relations of this complex system.

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Plantas medicinais: a necessidade de estudos multidisciplinares

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Leishmaniose tegumentar americana

Bernardo Gontijo, Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Carvalho (2003)

A leishmaniose tegumentar americana permanence endêmica em vastas áreas da América Latina. Os agentes causadores da doença são a L. (Viannia) braziliensis, L. (L. mexicana), L. (V.) panamensis, e outras espécies relacionadas. A apresentação clínica da doença varia dentro de um espectro amplo, incluindo úlceras cutâneas múltiplas ou única, leishmaniose cutânea difusa e lesões mucosas. Os principais reservatórios da L. (V.) braziliensis e da L. (Viannia) spp. são os pequenos roedores silvestres. A doença acomete mais freqüentemente os trabalhadores que invadem as florestas tropicais ou moram próximo a elas. O período de incubação varia de duas semanas a vários meses. As lesões cutâneas constituem úlceras rasas, circulares com bordas elevadas e bem definidas e com o assoalho da úlcera de aspecto granular. Nas infecções pela L. (V.) braziliensis a linfoadenopatia regional geralmente precede o surgimento das úlcerações por uma a doze semanas. O diagnóstico definitivo depende da identificação de amastigotas em tecido ou promastigotas em meios de cultura. Os anticorpos anti-leishmania podem ser identificados no soro utilizando-se as técnicas de ELISA, imunofluorescência e testes de aglutinação mas os títulos revelam-se baixos na maioria dos casos. A intradermorreação de Montenegro torna-se positiva durante a evolução da doença. Os antimoniais pentavalentes continuam sendo as drogas de escolha no tratamento da leishmaniose. A anfotericina B encontra indicação nos casos mais graves ou nos indivíduos que não respondem ao tratamento com os antimoniais. A imunoterapia e a imunoprofilaxia constituem alternativas promissoras no tratamento e profilaxia da leishmaniose tegumentar americana.