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      China's response to a national land-system sustainability emergency.

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          Abstract

          China has responded to a national land-system sustainability emergency via an integrated portfolio of large-scale programmes. Here we review 16 sustainability programmes, which invested US$378.5 billion (in 2015 US$), covered 623.9 million hectares of land and involved over 500 million people, mostly since 1998. We find overwhelmingly that the interventions improved the sustainability of China's rural land systems, but the impacts are nuanced and adverse outcomes have occurred. We identify some key characteristics of programme success, potential risks to their durability, and future research needs. We suggest directions for China and other nations as they progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations' Agenda 2030.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Nature
          Nature
          Springer Science and Business Media LLC
          1476-4687
          0028-0836
          July 2018
          : 559
          : 7713
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. b.bryan@deakin.edu.au.
          [2 ] CSIRO, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. b.bryan@deakin.edu.au.
          [3 ] CSIRO, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
          [4 ] College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
          [5 ] College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
          [6 ] School of Commerce, City West Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
          [7 ] School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
          [8 ] CSIRO, Black Mountain, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
          [9 ] Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
          [10 ] School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
          [11 ] State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
          [12 ] Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
          [13 ] Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
          [14 ] State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
          [15 ] School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
          [16 ] College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
          [17 ] National Forage Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China.
          Article
          10.1038/s41586-018-0280-2
          10.1038/s41586-018-0280-2
          29995865
          4ec8559c-2876-44e6-9027-e10916f217a3
          History

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