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Manejo y tratamiento microquirúrgico de las dilataciones infundibulares de la arteria comunicante posterior: Serie de nueve casos y revisión de la literatura
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      Molecular characterization of intestinal protozoa in two poor communities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

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          Abstract

          Several species of protozoa cause acute or chronic gastroenteritis in humans, worldwide. The burden of disease is particularly high among children living in developing areas of the world, where transmission is favored by lower hygienic standards and scarce availability of safe water. However, asymptomatic infection and polyparasitism are also commonly observed in poor settings. Here, we investigated the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in two small fishing villages, Porto Said (PS) and Santa Maria da Serra (SM), situated along the river Tietê in the State of São Paolo, Brazil. The villages lack basic public infrastructure and services, such as roads, public water supply, electricity and public health services.

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          A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium.

          William Checkley, A. White, Devan Jaganath … (2015)
          Cryptosporidium spp are well recognised as causes of diarrhoeal disease during waterborne epidemics and in immunocompromised hosts. Studies have also drawn attention to an underestimated global burden and suggest major gaps in optimum diagnosis, treatment, and immunisation. Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly identified as an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in low-resource settings and high-income countries have confirmed the importance of cryptosporidium as a cause of diarrhoea and childhood malnutrition. Diagnostic tests for cryptosporidium infection are suboptimum, necessitating specialised tests that are often insensitive. Antigen-detection and PCR improve sensitivity, and multiplexed antigen detection and molecular assays are underused. Therapy has some effect in healthy hosts and no proven efficacy in patients with AIDS. Use of cryptosporidium genomes has helped to identify promising therapeutic targets, and drugs are in development, but methods to assess the efficacy in vitro and in animals are not well standardised. Partial immunity after exposure suggests the potential for successful vaccines, and several are in development; however, surrogates of protection are not well defined. Improved methods for propagation and genetic manipulation of the organism would be significant advances. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Zoonotic potential of Giardia.

            Una Ryan, Simone M. Cacciò (2013)
            Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis) is a common intestinal parasite of humans and mammals worldwide. Assessing the zoonotic transmission of the infection requires molecular characterization as there is considerable genetic variation within G. duodenalis. To date eight major genetic groups (assemblages) have been identified, two of which (A and B) are found in both humans and animals, whereas the remaining six (C to H) are host-specific and do not infect humans. Sequence-based surveys of single loci have identified a number of genetic variants (genotypes) within assemblages A and B in animal species, some of which may have zoonotic potential. Multi-locus typing data, however, has shown that in most cases, animals do not share identical multi-locus types with humans. Furthermore, interpretation of genotyping data is complicated by the presence of multiple alleles that generate "double peaks" in sequencing files from PCR products, and by the potential exchange of genetic material among isolates, which may account for the non-concordance in the assignment of isolates to specific assemblages. Therefore, a better understanding of the genetics of this parasite is required to allow the design of more sensitive and variable subtyping tools, that in turn may help unravel the complex epidemiology of this infection. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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              Triosephosphate Isomerase Gene Characterization and Potential Zoonotic Transmission of Giardia duodenalis

              Irshad M. Sulaiman, Ronald Fayer, Caryn Bern … (2003)
              To address the source of infection in humans and public health importance of Giardia duodenalis parasites from animals, nucleotide sequences of the triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) gene were generated for 37 human isolates, 15 dog isolates, 8 muskrat isolates, 7 isolates each from cattle and beavers, and 1 isolate each from a rat and a rabbit. Distinct genotypes were found in humans, cattle, beavers, dogs, muskrats, and rats. TPI and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences of G. microti from muskrats were also generated and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis on the TPI sequences confirmed the formation of distinct groups. Nevertheless, a major group (assemblage B) contained most of the human and muskrat isolates, all beaver isolates, and the rabbit isolate. These data confirm that G. duodenalis from certain animals can potentially infect humans and should be useful in the detection, differentiation, and taxonomy of Giardia spp.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors
                Title: Parasites & vectors
                Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305
                ISSN (Print): 1756-3305
                Publication date (Electronic): Feb 15 2015
                Volume: 8
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Parasitology Department, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, PO Box: 510, CEP: 18618-970, Brazil. ericaboarato@yahoo.com.br.
                [2 ] Parasitology Department, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, PO Box: 510, CEP: 18618-970, Brazil. sgviana@ibb.unesp.br.
                [3 ] Parasitology Department, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, PO Box: 510, CEP: 18618-970, Brazil. annapaula.botucatu@gmail.com.
                [4 ] Parasitology Department, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, PO Box: 510, CEP: 18618-970, Brazil. sequeira@ibb.unesp.br.
                [5 ] Parasitology Department, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, PO Box: 510, CEP: 18618-970, Brazil. gabiibittencourt@hotmail.com.
                [6 ] Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, São Paulo, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, Brazil. nardi.vet@gmail.com.
                [7 ] Parasitology Department, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, PO Box: 510, CEP: 18618-970, Brazil. pribolla@ibb.unesp.br.
                [8 ] Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, São Paulo, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, Brazil. mfranco@unicamp.br.
                [9 ] Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, São Paulo, PO Box: 6109, CEP: 13083-970, Brazil. branco@unicamp.br.
                [10 ] Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, 00161, Italy. fabio.tosini@iss.it.
                [11 ] Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, 00161, Italy. antonino.bella@iss.it.
                [12 ] Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, 00161, Italy. edoardo.pozio@iss.it.
                [13 ] Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome, 00161, Italy. simone.caccio@iss.it.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: 10.1186/s13071-015-0714-8
                DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0714-8
                PMC ID: 4335703
                PubMed ID: 25889093
                SO-VID: 45738170-8003-4c18-86ee-e362f6587588
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