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      Prevalência da violência contra a mulher por parceiro íntimo em regiões do Brasil Translated title: Prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in regions of Brazil

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados do WHO Multi-country Study on Women´s Health and Domestic Violence sobre a prevalência da violência contra mulheres por parceiros íntimos encontrada no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal integrante do WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against women, realizado em dez países, entre 2000-2003. Em todos os locais foi utilizado questionário estruturado padronizado, construído para o estudo. Para conhecer contrastes internos a cada país, a maior cidade e uma região rural foram investigadas, sempre que factível. Foi selecionada amostra representativa da cidade de São Paulo e de 15 municípios da Zona da Mata de Pernambuco constituída por mulheres de 15 a 49 anos de idade. Foram incluídas 940 mulheres de São Paulo e 1.188 de Pernambuco, que tiveram parceria afetivo-sexual alguma vez na vida. A violência foi classificada nos tipos psicológica, física e sexual, sendo analisadas suas sobreposições, recorrência dos episódios, gravidade e época de ocorrência. RESULTADOS: Mulheres de São Paulo e Pernambuco relataram, respectivamente, ao menos uma vez na vida: violência psicológica (N=383; 41,8% e N=580; 48,9%), física (266; 27,2% e 401; 33,7%); sexual (95; 10,1% e 170; 14,3%). Houve sobreposição dos tipos de violência, que parece associada às formas mais graves de violência. A maior taxa da forma exclusiva foi, para São Paulo e Pernambuco, a da violência psicológica (N=164; 17,5% e N=206; 17,3%) e a menor da violência sexual (N=2;0,2% e 12; 1,0%) CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram a violência como um fenômeno de alta freqüência. Os achados reiteram estudos internacionais anteriores quanto à grande magnitude e superposições das violências por parceiro íntimo.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results from the "WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence", on the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women found in Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was part of the "WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against women", which was carried out in ten countries between 2000 and 2003. All the countries used a standardized structured questionnaire, devised for this study. In order to obtain data from contrasting settings within each country, the biggest city and a rural region were investigated whenever feasible. A representative sample of women aged 15 to 49 years was selected from the city of São Paulo and 15 municipalities in a rural region of the northeast, the Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. The study included 940 women from São Paulo and 1,188 from Zona da Mata de Pernambuco who had had an intimate partner at some time in their lives. Violence was classified as psychological, physical and sexual types, and was analyzed in relation to overlapping, recurrence of episodes, severity and when it occurred. RESULTS: The women in São Paulo and Pernambuco respectively reported the following at least once in their lifetimes: psychological (N=383; 41.8% and N=580; 48.9%); physical (N=266; 27.2% and N=401; 33.7%); sexual (N=95; 10.1% and N=170; 14.3%) violence. There was significant overlapping among the types of violence, which seemed to be associated with the most severe types of violence. The greatest single type was psychological violence, in São Paulo and Pernambuco (N=164; 17.5% and N=206; 17.3%), and the smallest was sexual violence (N=2; 0.2% and N=12; 1.0%). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that violence is a very common phenomenon. The findings reiterate previous international studies results with regard to high magnitude and overlapping of types of intimate partner violence.

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          Violence against women: global scope and magnitude.

          An increasing amount of research is beginning to offer a global overview of the extent of violence against women. In this paper we discuss the magnitude of some of the most common and most severe forms of violence against women: intimate partner violence; sexual abuse by non-intimate partners; trafficking, forced prostitution, exploitation of labour, and debt bondage of women and girls; physical and sexual violence against prostitutes; sex selective abortion, female infanticide, and the deliberate neglect of girls; and rape in war. There are many potential perpetrators, including spouses and partners, parents, other family members, neighbours, and men in positions of power or influence. Most forms of violence are not unique incidents but are ongoing, and can even continue for decades. Because of the sensitivity of the subject, violence is almost universally under-reported. Nevertheless, the prevalence of such violence suggests that globally, millions of women are experiencing violence or living with its consequences.
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            Researching domestic violence against women: methodological and ethical considerations.

            The results of three population-based studies on violence against women in Nicaragua are compared in this article. Two of the studies were regional in scope (León and Managua) and focused specifically on women's experiences of violence, whereas the third study was a Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted with a nationally representative sample of women. The lifetime prevalence estimates for women's undergoing physical violence from a partner were significantly higher in the León study (52 percent) and Managua study (69 percent), compared with that given in the DHS (28 percent). Possible explanations for the differences are examined through pooled multivariate logistic regression analysis, as well as analysis of six focus-group discussions carried out with field-workers and staff from the three studies. The most important differences that were found concerned ethical and safety procedures and the interview setting. The results indicate that prevalence estimates for violence are highly sensitive to methodological factors, and that underreporting is a significant threat to validity.
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              Risk factors for domestic violence: findings from a South African cross-sectional study.

              In 1998 a cross-sectional study of violence against women was undertaken in three provinces of South Africa. The objectives were to measure the prevalence of physical, sexual and emotional abuse of women, to identify risk factors and associated health problems and health service use. A multi-stage sampling design was used with clusters sampled with probability proportional to number of households and households were randomly selected from within clusters. One randomly selected woman aged 18-49 years was interviewed in each selected home. Interviews were held with a total 1306 women, the response rate was 90.3% of eligible women. For the risk factor analysis, multiple logistic regression models were fitted from a large pool of candidate explanatory variables, while allowing for sampling design and interviewer effects. The lifetime prevalence of experiencing physical violence from a current or ex-husband or boyfriend was 24.6%, and 9.5% had been assaulted in the previous year. Domestic violence was significantly positively associated with violence in her childhood, her having no further education, liberal ideas on women's roles, drinking alcohol, having another partner in the year, having a confidant(e), his boy child preference, conflict over his drinking, either partner financially supporting the home, frequent conflict generally, and living outside the Northern Province. No significant associations were found with partners' ages, employment, migrant status, financial disparity, cohabitation, household possessions, urbanisation, marital status, crowding, communication, his having other partners, his education, her attitudes towards violence or her perceptions of cultural norms on women's role. The findings suggest that domestic violence is most strongly related to the status of women in a society and to the normative use of violence in conflict situations or as part of the exercise of power. We conclude by discussing implications for developing theory on causal factors in domestic violence.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
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                Journal
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Rev. Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo )
                1518-8787
                October 2007
                : 41
                : 5
                : 797-807
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brasil
                [2 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brasil
                [3 ] Coletivo Feminista, Sexualidade e Saúde Brasil
                [4 ] Instituto Feminista para a Democracia Brasil
                [5 ] Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
                [6 ] Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Pernambuco Brasil
                Article
                S0034-89102007000500014
                10.1590/S0034-89102007000500014
                aa36be11-b573-40c9-99a5-183160c96359

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-8910&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Battered women,Violence against women,Spouse abuse,Domestic violence,Cross-sectional studies,Mulheres maltratadas,Violência contra a mulher,Maus-tratos conjugais,Violência doméstica,Estudos transversais

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