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      Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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          Abstract

          Static measures of foot posture are regularly used as part of a clinical examination to determine the need for foot level interventions. This is based on the premise that pronated and supinated foot postures may be risk factors for or associated with lower limb injury. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates foot posture (measured statically) as a potential risk factor for lower limb overuse injuries.

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          A prospective investigation of biomechanical risk factors for patellofemoral pain syndrome: the Joint Undertaking to Monitor and Prevent ACL Injury (JUMP-ACL) cohort.

          Kevin M. Guskiewicz, Michelle Boling, Anthony Beutler … (2009)
          Patellofemoral pain syndrome is one of the most common chronic knee injuries; however, little research has been done to determine the risk factors for this injury. Altered lower extremity kinematics and kinetics, decreased strength, and altered postural measurements will be risk factors. Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. A total of 1597 participants were enrolled in this investigation and prospectively followed from the date of their enrollment (July 2005, July 2006, or July 2007) through January 2008, a maximum of 2.5 years of follow-up. Each participant underwent baseline data collection during their pre-freshman summer at the United States Naval Academy. Baseline data collection included 3-dimensional motion analysis during a jump-landing task, 6 lower extremity isometric strength tests, and postural alignment measurements (navicular drop and Q angle). Risk factors for the development of patellofemoral pain syndrome included decreased knee flexion angle, decreased vertical ground-reaction force, and increased hip internal rotation angle during the jump-landing task. Additionally, decreased quadriceps and hamstring strength, increased hip external rotator strength, and increased navicular drop were risk factors for the development of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Multiple modifiable risk factors for patellofemoral pain syndrome pain have been identified in this investigation. To decrease the incidence of this chronic injury, the risk factors for patellofemoral pain syndrome need to be targeted in injury prevention programs. Prevention programs should focus on increasing strength of the lower extremity musculature along with instructing proper mechanics during dynamic movements to decrease the incidence of patellofemoral pain syndrome.
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            Two feet, or one person? Problems associated with statistical analysis of paired data in foot and ankle medicine

            Hylton B. Menz (2004)
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              Predictors of running-related injuries in novice runners enrolled in a systematic training program: a prospective cohort study.

              Willem van Mechelen, Koen Lemmink, Ronald L Diercks … (2010)
              The popularity of running is still growing. As participation increases, running-related injuries also increase. Until now, little is known about the predictors for injuries in novice runners. Predictors for running-related injuries (RRIs) will differ between male and female novice runners. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Participants were 532 novice runners (226 men, 306 women) preparing for a recreational 4-mile (6.7-km) running event. After completing a baseline questionnaire and undergoing an orthopaedic examination, they were followed during the training period of 13 weeks. An RRI was defined as any self-reported running-related musculoskeletal pain of the lower extremity or back causing a restriction of running for at least 1 week. Twenty-one percent of the novice runners had at least one RRI during follow-up. The multivariate adjusted Cox regression model for male participants showed that body mass index (BMI) (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.26), previous injury in the past year (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.36-5.55), and previous participation in sports without axial load (HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.03-4.11) were associated with RRI. In female participants, only navicular drop (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.75-0.97) remained a significant predictor for RRI in the multivariate Cox regression modeling. Type A behavior and range of motion (ROM) of the hip and ankle did not affect risk. Male and female novice runners have different risk profiles. Higher BMI, previous injury, and previous sports participation without axial loading are important predictors for RRI in male participants. Further research is needed to detect more predictors for female novice runners.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Foot Ankle Res
                Title: Journal of foot and ankle research
                Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                ISSN: 1757-1146
                ISSN (Print): 1757-1146
                Publication date (Electronic): 2014
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Pure Sports Medicine, London, UK ; Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
                [2 ] Pure Sports Medicine, London, UK.
                [3 ] Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
                [4 ] Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia ; Lower Extremity and Gait studies program, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
                [5 ] School of Physiotherapy, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.
                [6 ] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
                [7 ] Pure Sports Medicine, London, UK ; Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ; Lower Extremity and Gait studies program, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia ; Complete Sports Care, Melbourne, Australia.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: 55
                DOI: 10.1186/s13047-014-0055-4
                PMC ID: 4282737
                PubMed ID: 25558288
                SO-VID: d2ebd660-4b80-489b-9822-c53922b67a71
                History

                Keywords: Foot,Lower extremity,Musculoskeletal diseases,Prospective studies,Supination,Review,Pronation,Risk factors
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Foot, Lower extremity, Musculoskeletal diseases, Prospective studies, Supination, Review, Pronation, Risk factors

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