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      Unravelling the gut-lung axis: insights into microbiome interactions and Traditional Indian Medicine's perspective on optimal health

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          Abstract

          The microbiome of the human gut is a complex assemblage of microorganisms that are in a symbiotic relationship with one another and profoundly influence every aspect of human health. According to converging evidence, the human gut is a nodal point for the physiological performance matrixes of the vital organs on several axes (i.e. gut-brain, gut-lung, etc). As a result of COVID-19, the importance of gut-lung dysbiosis (balance or imbalance) has been realised. In view of this, it is of utmost importance to develop a comprehensive understanding of the microbiome, as well as its dysbiosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the gut-lung axial microbiome and its importance in maintaining optimal health. Human populations have successfully adapted to geophysical conditions through traditional dietary practices from around the world. In this context, a section has been devoted to the traditional Indian system of medicine and its theories and practices regarding the maintenance of optimally customized gut health.

          Abstract

          The role of traditional Indian system of medicine in managing the dysbiotic microbiome in the gut-lung axis is discussed in this review.

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          Most cited references182

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          Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome

          Long-term diet influences the structure and activity of the trillions of microorganisms residing in the human gut 1–5 , but it remains unclear how rapidly and reproducibly the human gut microbiome responds to short-term macronutrient change. Here, we show that the short-term consumption of diets composed entirely of animal or plant products alters microbial community structure and overwhelms inter-individual differences in microbial gene expression. The animal-based diet increased the abundance of bile-tolerant microorganisms (Alistipes, Bilophila, and Bacteroides) and decreased the levels of Firmicutes that metabolize dietary plant polysaccharides (Roseburia, Eubacterium rectale, and Ruminococcus bromii). Microbial activity mirrored differences between herbivorous and carnivorous mammals 2 , reflecting trade-offs between carbohydrate and protein fermentation. Foodborne microbes from both diets transiently colonized the gut, including bacteria, fungi, and even viruses. Finally, increases in the abundance and activity of Bilophila wadsworthia on the animal-based diet support a link between dietary fat, bile acids, and the outgrowth of microorganisms capable of triggering inflammatory bowel disease 6 . In concert, these results demonstrate that the gut microbiome can rapidly respond to altered diet, potentially facilitating the diversity of human dietary lifestyles.
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            Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography

            Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ between human populations when viewed from the perspective of component microbial lineages, encoded metabolic functions, stage of postnatal development, and environmental exposures, we characterized bacterial species present in fecal samples obtained from 531 individuals representing healthy Amerindians from the Amazonas of Venezuela, residents of rural Malawian communities, and inhabitants of USA metropolitan areas, as well as the gene content of 110 of their microbiomes. This cohort encompassed infants, children, teenagers and adults, parents and offspring, and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the representation of genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial species assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between individuals residing in the USA compared to the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. In addition, the similarity of fecal microbiomes among family members extends across cultures. These findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations, and the impact of Westernization.
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              Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes.

              Diet strongly affects human health, partly by modulating gut microbiome composition. We used diet inventories and 16S rDNA sequencing to characterize fecal samples from 98 individuals. Fecal communities clustered into enterotypes distinguished primarily by levels of Bacteroides and Prevotella. Enterotypes were strongly associated with long-term diets, particularly protein and animal fat (Bacteroides) versus carbohydrates (Prevotella). A controlled-feeding study of 10 subjects showed that microbiome composition changed detectably within 24 hours of initiating a high-fat/low-fiber or low-fat/high-fiber diet, but that enterotype identity remained stable during the 10-day study. Thus, alternative enterotype states are associated with long-term diet.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                FEMS Microbiol Ecol
                FEMS Microbiol Ecol
                femsec
                FEMS Microbiology Ecology
                Oxford University Press
                0168-6496
                1574-6941
                October 2023
                01 September 2023
                01 September 2023
                : 99
                : 10
                : fiad103
                Affiliations
                Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute , NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
                Consumer-Analytical-Safety-Sensory (CASS) Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
                Biomedical Science, School of Science and Technology Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England , Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
                Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
                Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute , NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
                Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali , Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
                Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute , NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
                Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali , Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
                Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
                Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
                Socio-Eternal Thinking for Unity (SETU) , Melbourne, VIC 3805, Australia
                Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
                Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
                School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University , Bundoora West, VIC 3083, Australia
                Author notes
                Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia. E-mail: rshah@ 123456swin.edu.au , rohan.shah@ 123456rmit.edu.au

                Current address: Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3731-9598
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-0394
                Article
                fiad103
                10.1093/femsec/fiad103
                10508358
                37656879
                03184018-114f-4772-a669-ae7487bca055
                © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 January 2023
                : 05 July 2023
                : 30 August 2023
                : 19 September 2023
                Page count
                Pages: 17
                Categories
                Minireview
                AcademicSubjects/SCI01150

                Microbiology & Virology
                covid-19,dysbiosis,gut-lung axis,microbiome,traditional medicine
                Microbiology & Virology
                covid-19, dysbiosis, gut-lung axis, microbiome, traditional medicine

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