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      Isquemia sintomática en accesos vasculares parahemodiálisis Translated title: Symptomatic ischemia of hemodialysis vascular access

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          Abstract

          El objetivo de este estudio es dar a conocer nuestra experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con isquemia sintomática severa asociada a los accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis (AVHD). Entre Enero de 2000 y Junio del 2005 se construyeron 1926 accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis en 1537 pacientes en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau, seleccionando aquellos pacientes que fueron manejados por presentar elementos de isquemia sintomática severa. El grupo está constituido por 18 pacientes, 9 (50%) hombres y 9 (50%) mujeres, 14 (78%) diabéticos. La edad promedio fue de 61 años. El diagnóstico se hizo en base a la anamnesis, examen físico y laboratorio no invasivo. En algunos casos se realizó eco doppler y angiografía. La incidencia encontrada es 1,17%, correspondiendo 61,1% a diabéticos mayores de 60 años y 16,7% a no diabéticos menores de 60 años (p< 0,05). Se presentó en 1,1% de los pacientes con AVHD nativo y 1,93% con AVHD protésico (ns). Las manifestaciones aparecieron en el post operatorio inmediato en 7 (39%) pacientes y en forma tardía en 11 (61%). La etiología fue enfermedad arterial oclusiva en 13 casos (72,2%), mecanismo de robo arterial en 3 (16,7%) y estenosis funcional en 2 (11,5%). El manejo consistió en revascularización en 8 casos (44,5%) y cierre de la fístula mas instalación de catéter tunelizado en 10 (55,5%). Al término del seguimiento, 15 (83,3%) presentaban regresión completa de los síntomas y 3 (16,7%) presentaban secuelas. La isquemia sintomática es una complicación poco frecuente, que puede presentarse tanto en forma precoz como tardía especialmente en pacientes diabéticos mayores de 60 años o con enfermedad vascular periférica, pudiendo significar la pérdida del acceso o dejar secuelas invalidantes. Son importantes las medidas de prevención

          Translated abstract

          Background: Symptomatic ischemia occurs in 1 to 8% of hemodialysis vascular accesses and may result in its loss. Aim: To report our experience in the management of patients with severe symptomatic ischemia associated to a vascular access for hemodialysis. Material and methods: All patients operated for a severe ischemia associated to a hemodialysis vascular access, between 2000 and 2005, were included in this study. Results: Of a total of 1926 vascular accesses, symptomatic ischemia was diagnosed in 18 patients (9 males) aged between 27 and 84 years. Fourteen (78%) were diabetic. Thus, the incidence of severe ischemia was 1.2%. It appeared in 1.1% of native and 1.9% of prosthetic vascular accesses. Clinical manifestations appeared in the early postoperative period in seven patients (39%). In the rest, they appeared more than 30 days after the procedure. Surgical treatment consisted in revascularization in eight patients (45%) and closure of fistula and installation of a tunneled catheter in 10 (55%). At the end of follow up, 15 patients (83%) had a complete regression of symptoms and three (17%) had sequelae. Conclusions: Symptomatic vascular access ischemia occurs in 1.2% of procedures, is much more common among diabetics and can be successfully managed in 80% of cases

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          Treatment of ischemia due to "steal" by arteriovenous fistula with distal artery ligation and revascularization.

          Three cases are described of upper extremity ischemia occurring after the creation of fistulas (AVFs) (one case) and bridge AVFs (two cases) for hemodialysis access. All three cases were successfully treated with ligation of the artery immediately distal to the origin of the AVF in conjunction with a reversed saphenous vein bypass. The latter was constructed from the artery proximal to the origin of the fistula to the artery distal to the site of ligation. Preoperative and postoperative hemodynamic measurements and complete disappearance of symptoms indicated that this procedure corrected the ischemic steal phenomenon. Angioaccess function was not affected in these three cases, thereby allowing continuation of its use immediately after corrective surgery and for follow-up periods of 1 month, 6 months, and 8 years.
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            Distal revascularization-interval ligation for limb salvage and maintenance of dialysis access in ischemic steal syndrome.

            Traditional options for treating ischemic steal syndrome related to a functioning dialysis access graft or fistula include banding or ligation. Unfortunately, these techniques usually result in inconsistent limb salvage, loss of a functional access, or both. We report our experience with an alternative method of limb revascularization that eliminates steal while maintaining continuous dialysis access. Patients who had critical limb ischemia and functioning arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) underwent color-flow duplex scanning, digital photoplethysmography, and arteriography. Arterial ligation distal to the AVF origin eliminated the steal physiologic mechanism while arterial bypass grafting from above to below the AVF revascularized the extremity (distal revascularization-interval ligation [DRIL] procedure). From March 1994 through December 1996, 21 patients with functioning extremity AVFs presented with critical ischemia and steal syndrome. Eleven patients had chronic ischemia with rest pain, paresthesias, or ulcerations related to nine native fistulae (six brachiocephalic, two basilic vein transpositions, one radiocephalic) and two prosthetic bridge grafts (one upper arm, one lower extremity). Acute ischemia developed in 10 patients related to three native fistulae (two brachiocephalic, one radiocephalic) and seven prosthetic bridge grafts (three forearm, three lower extremity, one upper arm). All 21 patients were treated with the DRIL technique. Three of these patients required treatment for ischemia at the time of AVF construction. Nineteen of 21 bypass procedures were performed with autogenous vein, including nine brachial-brachial, three brachial-radial, two radial-radial, two brachial-ulnar, one popliteal-popliteal, one femoral-popliteal, and one femoral-peroneal. Polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were used for one external iliac-popliteal bypass graft and one axillary-brachial bypass graft. Limb salvage and maintenance of a functional fistula were achieved in 100% and 94%, respectively, at 18 months by life-table analysis. The DRIL technique reliably restores antegrade flow to the ischemic limb, eliminates the potential pathway for the steal physiologic mechanism, and maintains continuous dialysis access in these difficult patients.
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              Treatment of angioaccess-induced ischemia by revascularization.

              Upper extremity ischemia related to the construction of a chronic angioaccess is a serious and occasionally devastating complication. Fourteen patients with end-stage renal disease (mean age 58 +/- 18 years, 13 with diabetes, 10 female) had ischemia after construction of an angioaccess. Twelve patients had a polytetrafluoroethylene brachioaxillary bridge arteriovenous fistula (BAVF), one patient had a radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and one patient had a brachiocephalic AVF. All patients had severe ischemia and five of them had established gangrenous changes. Symptoms appeared immediately after construction of the access in 10 patients. The remaining four patients had late onset of ischemia. The technique used for revascularization in all of these patients consisted of ligating the artery just distal to the takeoff of the AVF or BAVF and establishing an arterial bypass from a point proximal to the AVF or BAVF inflow to a point distal to the ligature. Bypass grafts consisted of saphenous vein in 13 cases and polytetrafluoroethylene in one case. Thirteen patients had a complete recovery, including healing of gangrenous lesions. One patient with severe gangrene of the hand at the time of revascularization required forearm amputation 13 months later because of progressive occlusive arterial disease. All AVFs were patent at 1 year. The 1-year patency rate for the BAVFs was 81.7%. All arterial bypasses were patent at 1 year. It is concluded that this technique offers consistent and durable hemodynamic and clinical improvement in arms affected by access-induced ischemia, with minimal morbidity, and does not affect the longevity of the angioaccess.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rchcir
                Revista chilena de cirugía
                Rev Chil Cir
                Sociedad de Cirujanos de Chile (Santiago, , Chile )
                0718-4026
                October 2007
                : 59
                : 5
                : 348-352
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHospital Barros Luco Trudeau orgdiv1Departamento y Servicio de Cirugía Chile
                Article
                S0718-40262007000500007 S0718-4026(07)05900500007
                10.4067/S0718-40262007000500007
                011b40cf-0f54-4b82-b84f-b0ecf39d4b97

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 March 2007
                : 17 May 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 19, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN

                Isquemia sintomática,hemodiálisis,acceso vascular,ischemia,vascular access,Hemodialysis

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