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      Chapter 11: Genome-Wide Association Studies

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      Author(s): 1 , * , 2
      Editor(s): ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS Computational Biology
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have evolved over the last ten years into a powerful tool for investigating the genetic architecture of human disease. In this work, we review the key concepts underlying GWAS, including the architecture of common diseases, the structure of common human genetic variation, technologies for capturing genetic information, study designs, and the statistical methods used for data analysis. We also look forward to the future beyond GWAS.

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          Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families.

          E H Corder, A M Saunders, W J Strittmatter … (1993)
          The apolipoprotein E type 4 allele (APOE-epsilon 4) is genetically associated with the common late onset familial and sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Risk for AD increased from 20% to 90% and mean age at onset decreased from 84 to 68 years with increasing number of APOE-epsilon 4 alleles in 42 families with late onset AD. Thus APOE-epsilon 4 gene dose is a major risk factor for late onset AD and, in these families, homozygosity for APOE-epsilon 4 was virtually sufficient to cause AD by age 80.
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            Newly identified loci that influence lipid concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease.

            Cristen J Willer, Serena Sanna, Anne U. Jackson … (2008)
            To identify genetic variants influencing plasma lipid concentrations, we first used genotype imputation and meta-analysis to combine three genome-wide scans totaling 8,816 individuals and comprising 6,068 individuals specific to our study (1,874 individuals from the FUSION study of type 2 diabetes and 4,184 individuals from the SardiNIA study of aging-associated variables) and 2,758 individuals from the Diabetes Genetics Initiative, reported in a companion study in this issue. We subsequently examined promising signals in 11,569 additional individuals. Overall, we identify strongly associated variants in eleven loci previously implicated in lipid metabolism (ABCA1, the APOA5-APOA4-APOC3-APOA1 and APOE-APOC clusters, APOB, CETP, GCKR, LDLR, LPL, LIPC, LIPG and PCSK9) and also in several newly identified loci (near MVK-MMAB and GALNT2, with variants primarily associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; near SORT1, with variants primarily associated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; near TRIB1, MLXIPL and ANGPTL3, with variants primarily associated with triglycerides; and a locus encompassing several genes near NCAN, with variants strongly associated with both triglycerides and LDL cholesterol). Notably, the 11 independent variants associated with increased LDL cholesterol concentrations in our study also showed increased frequency in a sample of coronary artery disease cases versus controls.
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              Genotype imputation.

              Yun Li, Cristen Willer, Serena Sanna … (2009)
              Genotype imputation is now an essential tool in the analysis of genome-wide association scans. This technique allows geneticists to accurately evaluate the evidence for association at genetic markers that are not directly genotyped. Genotype imputation is particularly useful for combining results across studies that rely on different genotyping platforms but also increases the power of individual scans. Here, we review the history and theoretical underpinnings of the technique. To illustrate performance of the approach, we summarize results from several gene mapping studies. Finally, we preview the role of genotype imputation in an era when whole genome resequencing is becoming increasingly common.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Fran Lewitter: Role: Editor
                Maricel Kann: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Comput Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS Comput. Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): ploscomp
                Title: PLoS Computational Biology
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Print): 1553-734X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1553-7358
                Publication date Collection: December 2012
                Publication date (Print): December 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 December 2012
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e1002822
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
                [2 ]Departments of Genetics and Community Family Medicine, Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
                Whitehead Institute, United States of America
                University of Maryland, Baltimore County, United States of America
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PCOMPBIOL-D-12-01453
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002822
                PMC ID: 3531285
                PubMed ID: 23300413
                SO-VID: 02611a23-55b4-4533-8342-c65b54f94a2c
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2012
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Funding
                This work was supported by NIH grants ROI-LM010098, ROI-LM009012, ROI-AI59694, RO1-EY022300, and RO1-LM011360. The funders had no role in the preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Education
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Genetics
                Subject: Genome-Wide Association Studies

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Quantitative & Systems biology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Quantitative & Systems biology

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