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      Spread of SARS-CoV-2 through Latin America and the Caribbean region: a look from its economic conditions, climate and air pollution indicators

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          Abstract

          We have evaluated the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region by means of a correlation between climate and air pollution indicators, namely, average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall, average relative humidity, wind speed, and air pollution indicators PM 10, PM 2.5, and NO 2 with the COVID-19 daily new cases and deaths. The study focuses in the following LAC cities: Mexico City (Mexico), Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Bogotá (Colombia), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Manaus (Brazil), Lima (Perú), Santiago (Chile), São Paulo (Brazil) and Buenos Aires (Argentina). The results show that average temperature, minimum temperature, and air quality were significantly associated with the spread of COVID-19 in LAC. Additionally, humidity, wind speed and rainfall showed a significant relationship with daily cases, total cases and mortality for various cities. Income inequality and poverty levels were also considered as a variable for qualitative analysis. Our findings suggest that and income inequality and poverty levels in the cities analyzed were related to the spread of COVID-19 positive and negative, respectively. These results might help decision-makers to design future strategies to tackle the spread of COVID-19 in LAC and around the world.

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          Highlights

          • •

            The study analyzes the impact of climate and pollution indicators on COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean.

          • •

            The low wind speed generates less ventilation, then a higher concentration of pollutants or air contaminated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus can be inhaled in various cities of Latin America and the Caribbean.

          • •

            The climate and pollution indicators are one of the factors that triggered the spread of Covid-19 through Latin America and the Caribbean.

          • •

            The COVID-19 spread is significantly correlated with PM 10, PM 2.5 and NO 2 in several cities of Latin America and the Caribbean.

          • •

            The income inequality and poverty levels of the cities analyzed in Latin America and the Caribbean are related to the spread of COVID-19.

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          Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

          Fang Zheng Jiang, Liehua Deng, Liangqing Zhang … (2020)
          In late December 2019, a cluster of cases with 2019 Novel Coronavirus pneumonia (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, aroused worldwide concern. Previous studies have reported epidemiological and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of this brief review is to summarize those published studies as of late February 2020 on the clinical features, symptoms, complications, and treatments of COVID-19 and help provide guidance for frontline medical staff in the clinical management of this outbreak.
          Article 0 comments Cited 538 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China

            Hien Lau, Veria Khosrawipour, Piotr Paweł Kocbach … (2020)
            Abstract Background With its epicenter in Wuhan, China, the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Consequently, many countries have implemented flight restrictions to China. China itself has imposed a lockdown of the population of Wuhan as well as the entire Hubei province. However, whether these two enormous measures have led to significant changes in the spread of COVID-19 cases remains unclear. Methods We analyzed available data on the development of confirmed domestic and international COVID-19 cases before and after lockdown measures. We evaluated the correlation of domestic air traffic to the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and determined the growth curves of COVID-19 cases within China before and after lockdown as well as after changes in COVID-19 diagnostic criteria. Results Our findings indicate a significant increase in doubling time from 2 days (95% Confidence Interval, CI): 1.9–2.6), to 4 days (95% CI: 3.5–4.3), after imposing lockdown. A further increase is detected after changing diagnostic and testing methodology to 19.3 (95% CI: 15.1–26.3), respectively. Moreover, the correlation between domestic air traffic and COVID-19 spread became weaker following lockdown (before lockdown: r = 0.98, p < 0.05 vs. after lockdown: r = 0.91, p = NS). Conclusions A significantly decreased growth rate and increased doubling time of cases was observed, which is most likely due to Chinese lockdown measures. A more stringent confinement of people in high risk areas seem to have a potential to slow down the spread of COVID-19.
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              Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment

              Manuel A. Zambrano-Monserrate, Maria Ruano, Luis Sanchez-Alcalde (2020)
              This research aims to show the positive and negative indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment, particularly in the most affected countries such as China, USA, Italy, and Spain. Our research shows that there is a significant association between contingency measures and improvement in air quality, clean beaches and environmental noise reduction. On the other hand, there are also negative secondary aspects such as the reduction in recycling and the increase in waste, further endangering the contamination of physical spaces (water and land), in addition to air. Global economic activity is expected to return in the coming months in most countries (even if slowly), so decreasing GHG concentrations during a short period is not a sustainable way to clean up our environment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tomás R. Bolaño-Ortiz
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ. Res
                Title: Environmental Research
                Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
                ISSN (Print): 0013-9351
                ISSN (Electronic): 1096-0953
                Publication date PMC-release: 15 July 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 July 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 109938
                Affiliations
                [a ]Mendoza Regional Faculty – National Technological University (FRM-UTN). 273 Coronel Rodríguez St. 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
                [b ]National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
                [c ]Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group (GIMSA), University of Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
                [d ]Center for Environmental Technologies – Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (CETAM-UTFSM), Valparaíso, Chile
                [e ]Independent Researcher, Braunschweig, Germany
                [f ]University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
                [g ]Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
                [h ]Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), Valparaíso, Chile
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Mendoza Regional Faculty – National Technological University (FRM-UTN). 273 Coronel Rodríguez St. 5500 Mendoza, Argentina. tomas.bolano@ 123456frm.utn.edu.ar
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0013-9351(20)30833-1 Publisher ID: 109938
                DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109938
                PMC ID: 7361092
                PubMed ID: 32858479
                SO-VID: 026aa4f6-3070-4a00-acf3-a5fa82c56466
                Copyright © © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 7 June 2020
                Date revision received : 3 July 2020
                Date accepted : 10 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: covid-19,latin america and the caribbean,wind speed,pollution indicators,economic conditions
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: covid-19, latin america and the caribbean, wind speed, pollution indicators, economic conditions

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