Unravelling the gut-lung axis: insights into microbiome interactions and Traditional Indian Medicine&apos;s perspective on optimal health

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Abstract

The microbiome of the human gut is a complex assemblage of microorganisms that are in a symbiotic relationship with one another and profoundly influence every aspect of human health. According to converging evidence, the human gut is a nodal point for the physiological performance matrixes of the vital organs on several axes (i.e. gut-brain, gut-lung, etc). As a result of COVID-19, the importance of gut-lung dysbiosis (balance or imbalance) has been realised. In view of this, it is of utmost importance to develop a comprehensive understanding of the microbiome, as well as its dysbiosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the gut-lung axial microbiome and its importance in maintaining optimal health. Human populations have successfully adapted to geophysical conditions through traditional dietary practices from around the world. In this context, a section has been devoted to the traditional Indian system of medicine and its theories and practices regarding the maintenance of optimally customized gut health.

Abstract

The role of traditional Indian system of medicine in managing the dysbiotic microbiome in the gut-lung axis is discussed in this review.

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Most cited references 182

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Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome

Lawrence A David, Corinne F. Maurice, Rachel Carmody … (2013)

Long-term diet influences the structure and activity of the trillions of microorganisms residing in the human gut 1–5 , but it remains unclear how rapidly and reproducibly the human gut microbiome responds to short-term macronutrient change. Here, we show that the short-term consumption of diets composed entirely of animal or plant products alters microbial community structure and overwhelms inter-individual differences in microbial gene expression. The animal-based diet increased the abundance of bile-tolerant microorganisms (Alistipes, Bilophila, and Bacteroides) and decreased the levels of Firmicutes that metabolize dietary plant polysaccharides (Roseburia, Eubacterium rectale, and Ruminococcus bromii). Microbial activity mirrored differences between herbivorous and carnivorous mammals 2 , reflecting trade-offs between carbohydrate and protein fermentation. Foodborne microbes from both diets transiently colonized the gut, including bacteria, fungi, and even viruses. Finally, increases in the abundance and activity of Bilophila wadsworthia on the animal-based diet support a link between dietary fat, bile acids, and the outgrowth of microorganisms capable of triggering inflammatory bowel disease 6 . In concert, these results demonstrate that the gut microbiome can rapidly respond to altered diet, potentially facilitating the diversity of human dietary lifestyles.

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Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography

Tanya Yatsunenko, Federico E Rey, Mark Manary … (2012)

Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ between human populations when viewed from the perspective of component microbial lineages, encoded metabolic functions, stage of postnatal development, and environmental exposures, we characterized bacterial species present in fecal samples obtained from 531 individuals representing healthy Amerindians from the Amazonas of Venezuela, residents of rural Malawian communities, and inhabitants of USA metropolitan areas, as well as the gene content of 110 of their microbiomes. This cohort encompassed infants, children, teenagers and adults, parents and offspring, and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the representation of genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial species assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between individuals residing in the USA compared to the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. In addition, the similarity of fecal microbiomes among family members extends across cultures. These findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations, and the impact of Westernization.

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Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes.

Gary D Wu, Jun Chen, Christian Hoffmann … (2011)

Diet strongly affects human health, partly by modulating gut microbiome composition. We used diet inventories and 16S rDNA sequencing to characterize fecal samples from 98 individuals. Fecal communities clustered into enterotypes distinguished primarily by levels of Bacteroides and Prevotella. Enterotypes were strongly associated with long-term diets, particularly protein and animal fat (Bacteroides) versus carbohydrates (Prevotella). A controlled-feeding study of 10 subjects showed that microbiome composition changed detectably within 24 hours of initiating a high-fat/low-fiber or low-fat/high-fiber diet, but that enterotype identity remained stable during the 10-day study. Thus, alternative enterotype states are associated with long-term diet.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Swati Haldar

Snehal R Jadhav

Vandana Gulati

David J Beale

Acharya Balkrishna

Anurag Varshney

Enzo A Palombo

Avinash V Karpe:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3731-9598

Rohan M Shah:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-0394

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): FEMS Microbiol Ecol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): FEMS Microbiol Ecol

Journal ID (publisher-id): femsec

Title: FEMS Microbiology Ecology

Publisher: Oxford University Press

ISSN (Print): 0168-6496

ISSN (Electronic): 1574-6941

Publication date Collection: October 2023

Publication date (Electronic): 01 September 2023

Publication date PMC-release: 01 September 2023

Volume: 99

Issue: 10

Electronic Location Identifier: fiad103

Affiliations

Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute , NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India

Consumer-Analytical-Safety-Sensory (CASS) Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia

Biomedical Science, School of Science and Technology Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England , Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia

Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia

Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute , NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India

Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali , Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India

Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute , NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India

Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali , Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India

Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia

Socio-Eternal Thinking for Unity (SETU) , Melbourne, VIC 3805, Australia

Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Acton, ACT 2601, Australia

Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia

School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University , Bundoora West, VIC 3083, Australia

Author notes

Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia. E-mail: rshah@ 123456swin.edu.au , rohan.shah@ 123456rmit.edu.au

Current address: Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States

Author information

Avinash V Karpe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3731-9598

Rohan M Shah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-0394

Article

Publisher ID: fiad103

DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad103

PMC ID: 10508358

PubMed ID: 37656879

SO-VID: 03184018-114f-4772-a669-ae7487bca055

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 16 January 2023

Date revision received : 05 July 2023

Date accepted : 30 August 2023

Date: 19 September 2023

Page count

Pages: 17

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Unravelling the gut-lung axis: insights into microbiome interactions and Traditional Indian Medicine's perspective on optimal health

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 182

Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome

Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography

Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes.

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