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      Improvement of Experimentally Induced Hepatic and Renal Disorders in Rats using Lactic Acid Bacteria-fermented Soybean Extract (Biofermentics™)

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          Abstract

          The effects of lactic acid bacteria-fermented soybean extract (Biofermentics™; BF) on experimental models of hepatic and renal disorders were investigated in vivo and in vitro. In rat, hepatitis induced by feeding of deoxycholic acid (DCA, 0.5 wt/wt, n = 6) or intraperitoneal injection of d-galactosamine (GMN, 500 mg/body wt, n = 6), the increase in serum AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) levels were inhibited significantly ( P < 0.05) by feeding a diet containing 5% dried BF. Moreover, the BF-administered rat group showed lower concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and a larger amount of urine as compared with values in the control group. Pretreatment of primary cell cultures of rat hepatic and renal cells with BF prior to exposure to dichromate (K 2Cr 2O 7) resulted in a marked decrease of dichromate-induced cytotoxicity as evaluated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase The levels of dichromate-induced lipid peroxidation, as monitored by malondialdehyde formation, were also reduced by pretreatment of hepatocytes with BF. These results suggest that BF may play a role in hepatic and renal disorders, and may be useful for maintaining health in humans as well.

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          Microsomal lipid peroxidation.

          J A Buege, S D Aust (1978)
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            Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey.

            D M Eisenberg, R B Davis, S L Ettner … (1998)
            A prior national survey documented the high prevalence and costs of alternative medicine use in the United States in 1990. To document trends in alternative medicine use in the United States between 1990 and 1997. Nationally representative random household telephone surveys using comparable key questions were conducted in 1991 and 1997 measuring utilization in 1990 and 1997, respectively. A total of 1539 adults in 1991 and 2055 in 1997. Prevalence, estimated costs, and disclosure of alternative therapies to physicians. Use of at least 1 of 16 alternative therapies during the previous year increased from 33.8% in 1990 to 42.1% in 1997 (P < or = .001). The therapies increasing the most included herbal medicine, massage, megavitamins, self-help groups, folk remedies, energy healing, and homeopathy. The probability of users visiting an alternative medicine practitioner increased from 36.3% to 46.3% (P = .002). In both surveys alternative therapies were used most frequently for chronic conditions, including back problems, anxiety, depression, and headaches. There was no significant change in disclosure rates between the 2 survey years; 39.8% of alternative therapies were disclosed to physicians in 1990 vs 38.5% in 1997. The percentage of users paying entirely out-of-pocket for services provided by alternative medicine practitioners did not change significantly between 1990 (64.0%) and 1997 (58.3%) (P=.36). Extrapolations to the US population suggest a 47.3% increase in total visits to alternative medicine practitioners, from 427 million in 1990 to 629 million in 1997, thereby exceeding total visits to all US primary care physicians. An estimated 15 million adults in 1997 took prescription medications concurrently with herbal remedies and/or high-dose vitamins (18.4% of all prescription users). Estimated expenditures for alternative medicine professional services increased 45.2% between 1990 and 1997 and were conservatively estimated at $21.2 billion in 1997, with at least $12.2 billion paid out-of-pocket. This exceeds the 1997 out-of-pocket expenditures for all US hospitalizations. Total 1997 out-of-pocket expenditures relating to alternative therapies were conservatively estimated at $27.0 billion, which is comparable with the projected 1997 out-of-pocket expenditures for all US physician services. Alternative medicine use and expenditures increased substantially between 1990 and 1997, attributable primarily to an increase in the proportion of the population seeking alternative therapies, rather than increased visits per patient.
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              Antioxidative activities of soymilk fermented with lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria.

              Szu-Chieh Wang, Chui-gong Yu, Lan-Chun Chou (2006)
              To further the goal of developing a probiotic dietary adjunct using soymilk, soymilk is fermented with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus CCRC 14079 or Streptococcus thermophilus CCRC 14085) and bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium infantis CCRC 14633 or Bifidobacterium longum B6) individually, and in conjunction. We investigate several antioxidative activities including the inhibition of ascorbate autoxidation, the scavenging effect of superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide, and the reducing activity exerted by different varieties of fermented soymilks. In addition, the effect of spray-drying and freeze-drying on changes in antioxidative activity is examined. We find that in fermented soymilk both the inhibition of ascorbate autoxidation, and the reducing activity and scavenging effect of superoxide anion radicals varied with the starters used, but nevertheless are significantly higher than those found in unfermented soymilk. In general, antioxidative activity in soymilk fermented with lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria simultaneously is significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that fermented with either individually. Moreover, antioxidative activity increases as the fermentation period is extended. However, unfermented soymilk shows an H2O2-scavenging effect, while there is no scavenging effect except for the accumulation of H2O2 in fermented soymilk. Finally, we find that freeze-drying causes a significantly lesser (P < 0.05) reduction in the antioxidative activity of soymilk than does spray-drying. Irrespective of the drying method and the starters used for fermentation. The antioxidative activity of fermented soymilk reduces after drying yet remains higher than that of dried unfermented soymilk.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ecam
                Journal ID (hwp): ecam
                Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 1741-427X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288
                Publication date (Print): September 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 October 2007
                Publication date PMC-release: 27 October 2007
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 357-363
                Affiliations
                1Central Institute for Health Science, A.L.A. Corporation 40-14 Kitamachi, Seya-ku, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, 246-0002 and 2Department of Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628 Japan
                Author notes
                For reprints and all correspondence: Ryoichi Shin, Central Institute for Health Science, A.L.A. Corporation 40-14 Kitamachi, Seya-ku, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, 246-0002 Japan. Tel: +81-45-924-4311; Fax: +81-45-924-4312; E-mail: rshin@ 123456ciala.co.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: nem126
                DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem126
                PMC ID: 2722200
                PubMed ID: 18955265
                SO-VID: 048fbdb7-5070-425f-8d5f-11b558911e16
                Copyright © © 2007 The Author(s).
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 12 October 2006
                Date accepted : 14 June 2007
                Categories
                Subject: Original Articles - Basic Science

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Keywords: lactobacillus,hepatitis,anti-oxidation,yeasts,fermentation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Keywords: lactobacillus, hepatitis, anti-oxidation, yeasts, fermentation

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