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      The use of multimodal low-opioid anesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in conditions of artificial blood circulation

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death worldwide, and according to experts, they will continue to dominate the structure of global mortality.

          Aim

          The effectiveness of the multimodal low-opioid anesthesia technique in performing coronary artery bypass graft operations with artificial blood circulation.

          Material and methods

          Ninety-six patients aged 61.8 ±10.4 years underwent coronary artery bypass grafting under artificial blood circulation. Group I: propofol, sevoflurane, fentanyl, pipecuronium bromide (standard doses). Group II: dexketoprofen trometamol (50 mg), intravenous lidocaine (1% – 1 mg/kg bolus) and continuous lidocaine infusion (1.5–2 mg/kg/h), propofol, ketamine (0.5 mg/kg), magnesia sulfate, minimal doses of fentanyl.

          Results

          Average duration of anesthesia – 257.4 ±19.1 min; assisted blood circulation – 55 ±10 min. Mean dose of fentanyl in group I – 4.66 ±1.58 µg/kg/h, in group II – 1.29 ±0.32 µg/kg/h.Standard lab values and stress hormonal changes were within the normal range (mean cortisol: 479.3 ±26.4 nmol/l, lactate 1.61 ±0.2 mmol/l, glucose 6.42 ±0.9 mmol/l). Changes in heart rate within group I had a significant amplitude of dynamics, while in group II, these values were relatively at the same level throughout the entire anesthetic provision. Mean arterial pressure changes in group I were characterized by a significant reduction at the stage of induction, support and sternum reduction, whereas in group II it was relatively at the same level during the entire anesthetic management and significantly differed from baseline only at the stage of induction.

          Conclusions

          Multimodal low-opioid anesthesia during coronary artery bypass surgery with artificial blood circulation allows one to ensure adequate analgesia and avoid the intraoperative usage of routine doses of fentanyl, as indicated by the absence of hemodynamic and endocrine-metabolic changes.

          Translated abstract

          Wprowadzenie

          Choroby sercowo-naczyniowe (CVD) stanowią główną przyczynę zgonów na świecie i według ekspertów nadal będą przeważać w strukturze globalnej śmiertelności.

          Cel pracy

          Ocena skuteczności złożonego znieczulenia niskoopioidowego podczas operacji pomostowania tętnic wieńcowych w warunkach krążenia pozaustrojowego.

          Materiał i metody

          U 96 pacjentów w wieku 61,8 ±10,4 roku przeprowadzono pomostowanie tętnic wieńcowych z wykorzystaniem krążenia pozaustrojowego. Grupa I: propofol, sewofluran, fentanyl, bromek pipekuronium (dawki standardowe). Grupa II: trometamol deksketoprofenu (50 mg), lidokaina dożylnie (1% – bolus 1 mg/kg) i lidokaina w ciągłym wlewie (1,5–2 mg/kg/h), propofol, ketamina (0,5 mg/kg), siarczan magnezu, fentanyl w minimalnych dawkach.

          Wyniki

          Średni czas trwania znieczulenia – 257,4 ±19,1 min; wspomaganie krążenia – 55 ±10 min. Średnia dawka fentanylu w grupie I – 4,66 ±1,58 µg/kg/h, w grupie II – 1,29 ±0,32 µg/kg/h. Standardowe parametry laboratoryjne i zmiany w stężeniu hormonów stresu mieściły się w zakresie normy (średnie stężenie kortyzolu: 479,3 ±26,4 nmol/l, mleczan 1,61 ±0,2 mmol/l, glukoza 6,42 ±0,9 mmol/l). Zmiany częstości akcji serca w grupie I charakteryzowały się znaczną amplitudą, natomiast w grupie II wartości utrzymywały się na relatywnie tym samym poziomie przez cały okres znieczulenia. Średnie zmiany ciśnienia tętniczego w grupie I były znamiennie mniejsze podczas indukcji, podtrzymania i zamknięcia mostka, natomiast w grupie II utrzymywały się na tym samym poziomie przez całe znieczulenie i różniły się znamiennie od wartości wyjściowych wyłącznie na etapie indukcji.

          Wnioski

          Złożone znieczulenie niskoopioidowe podczas pomostowania tętnic wieńcowych z wykorzystaniem krążenia pozaustrojowego umożliwia właściwą analgezję i pozwala uniknąć śródoperacyjnego podawania rutynowych dawek fentanylu, czego potwierdzeniem jest brak zmian hemodynamicznych i endokrynologiczno-metabolicznych.

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          Most cited references18

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          Ketamine: A Review of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Anesthesia and Pain Therapy.

          Ketamine is a phencyclidine derivative, which functions primarily as an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. It has no affinity for gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in the central nervous system. Ketamine shows a chiral structure consisting of two optical isomers. It undergoes oxidative metabolism, mainly to norketamine by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and CYP2B6 enzymes. The use of S-ketamine is increasing worldwide, since the S(+)-enantiomer has been postulated to be a four times more potent anesthetic and analgesic than the R(-)-enantiomer and approximately two times more effective than the racemic mixture of ketamine. Because of extensive first-pass metabolism, oral bioavailability is poor and ketamine is vulnerable to pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Sublingual and nasal formulations of ketamine are being developed, and especially nasal administration produces rapid maximum plasma ketamine concentrations with relatively high bioavailability. Ketamine produces hemodynamically stable anesthesia via central sympathetic stimulation without affecting respiratory function. Animal studies have shown that ketamine has neuroprotective properties, and there is no evidence of elevated intracranial pressure after ketamine dosing in humans. Low-dose perioperative ketamine may reduce opioid consumption and chronic postsurgical pain after specific surgical procedures. However, long-term analgesic effects of ketamine in chronic pain patients have not been demonstrated. Besides analgesic properties, ketamine has rapid-acting antidepressant effects, which may be useful in treating therapy-resistant depressive patients. Well-known psychotomimetic and cognitive adverse effects restrict the clinical usefulness of ketamine, even though fewer psychomimetic adverse effects have been reported with S-ketamine in comparison with the racemate. Safety issues in long-term use are yet to be resolved.
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            Assessment and pathophysiology of pain in cardiac surgery

            Analysis of the problem of surgical pain is important in view of the fact that the success of surgical treatment depends largely on proper pain management during the first few days after a cardiosurgical procedure. Postoperative pain is due to intraoperative damage to tissue. It is acute pain of high intensity proportional to the type of procedure. The pain is most intense during the first 24 hours following the surgery and decreases on subsequent days. Its intensity is higher in younger subjects than elderly and obese patients, and preoperative anxiety is also a factor that increases postoperative pain. Ineffective postoperative analgesic therapy may cause several complications that are dangerous to a patient. Inappropriate postoperative pain management may result in chronic pain, immunosuppression, infections, and less effective wound healing. Understanding and better knowledge of physiological disorders and adverse effects resulting from surgical trauma, anesthesia, and extracorporeal circulation, as well as the development of standards for intensive postoperative care units are critical to the improvement of early treatment outcomes and patient comfort.
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              Polypharmacy in older people: lessons from 10 years of experience with the REPOSI register

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol
                KITP
                Kardiochirurgia i Torakochirurgia Polska = Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
                Termedia Publishing House
                1731-5530
                1897-4252
                23 September 2020
                September 2020
                : 17
                : 3
                : 111-116
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, Ukraine
                [2 ]Department of Anaesthesiology and Perfusiology, SE “Heart Institute” of MOH, Kyiv, Ukraine
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: PhD Student, Taisiia Danchyna MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, Ukraine, phone: +38 0954993743, e-mail: tdanchynamd@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                41805
                10.5114/kitp.2020.99072
                7526485
                05b8801a-080b-4c34-b0a3-99499b25916b
                Copyright © 2020 Polish Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons (Polskie Towarzystwo KardioTorakochirurgów) and the editors of the Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (Kardiochirurgia i Torakochirurgia Polska)

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

                History
                : 24 April 2020
                : 01 August 2020
                Categories
                Original Paper

                anesthesia,cardiac,intravenous lidocaine,opioid-free,low-opioid

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