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Abstract

We performed first-principles calculations of the optical response of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) within a combined quantum-mechanical molecular-mechanics and time-dependent density-functional theory approach. The computed spectra are in excellent agreement with experiments assuming the presence of two, protonated and deprotonated, forms of the photoreceptor in a approximately 4:1 ratio, which supports the conformation model of photodynamics in GFP. Furthermore, we discuss charge transfer, isomerization, and environment effects. The present approach allows for systematic studies of excited-state electron-ion dynamics in biological systems.

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Time-dependent local-density approximation in real time

K Yabana, G. F. Bertsch (1996)

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The molecular structure of green fluorescent protein.

F. Yang, L Moss, G Phillips (1996)

The crystal structure of recombinant wild-type green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been solved to a resolution of 1.9 A by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion phasing methods. The protein is in the shape of a cylinder, comprising 11 strands of beta-sheet with an alpha-helix inside and short helical segments on the ends of the cylinder. This motif, with beta-structure on the outside and alpha-helix on the inside, represents a new protein fold, which we have named the beta-can. Two protomers pack closely together to form a dimer in the crystal. The fluorophores are protected inside the cylinders, and their structures are consistent with the formation of aromatic systems made up of Tyr66 with reduction of its C alpha-C beta bond coupled with cyclization of the neighboring glycine and serine residues. The environment inside the cylinder explains the effects of many existing mutants of GFP and suggests specific side chains that could be modified to change the spectral properties of GFP. Furthermore, the identification of the dimer contacts may allow mutagenic control of the state of assembly of the protein.