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      Molecular identification of Hymenopteran insects collected by using Malaise traps from Hazarganji Chiltan National Park Quetta, Pakistan

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          Abstract

          The order Hymenoptera holds great significance for humans, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, due to its role as a pollinator of wild and cultivated flowering plants, parasites of destructive insects and honey producers. Despite this importance, limited attention has been given to the genetic diversity and molecular identification of Hymenopteran insects in most protected areas. This study provides insights into the first DNA barcode of Hymenopteran insects collected from Hazarganji Chiltan National Park (HCNP) and contributes to the global reference library of DNA barcodes. A total of 784 insect specimens were collected using Malaise traps, out of which 538 (68.62%) specimens were morphologically identified as Hymenopteran insects. The highest abundance of species of Hymenoptera (133/538, 24.72%) was observed during August and least in November (16/538, 2.97%). Genomic DNA extraction was performed individually from 90/538 (16.73%) morphologically identified specimens using the standard phenol-chloroform method, which were subjected separately to the PCR for their molecular confirmation via the amplification of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox1) gene. The BLAST analyses of obtained sequences showed 91.64% to 100% identities with related sequences and clustered phylogenetically with their corresponding sequences that were reported from Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Finland, Germany, India, Israel, and Pakistan. Additionally, total of 13 barcode index numbers (BINs) were assigned by Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), out of which 12 were un-unique and one was unique (BOLD: AEU1239) which was assigned for Anthidium punctatum. This indicates the potential geographical variation of Hymenopteran population in HCNP. Further comprehensive studies are needed to molecularly confirm the existing insect species in HCNP and evaluate their impacts on the environment, both as beneficial (for example, pollination, honey producers and natural enemies) and detrimental (for example, venomous stings, crop damage, and pathogens transmission).

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          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            A new approach to rapid sequence comparison, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), directly approximates alignments that optimize a measure of local similarity, the maximal segment pair (MSP) score. Recent mathematical results on the stochastic properties of MSP scores allow an analysis of the performance of this method as well as the statistical significance of alignments it generates. The basic algorithm is simple and robust; it can be implemented in a number of ways and applied in a variety of contexts including straightforward DNA and protein sequence database searches, motif searches, gene identification searches, and in the analysis of multiple regions of similarity in long DNA sequences. In addition to its flexibility and tractability to mathematical analysis, BLAST is an order of magnitude faster than existing sequence comparison tools of comparable sensitivity.
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              Although much biological research depends upon species diagnoses, taxonomic expertise is collapsing. We are convinced that the sole prospect for a sustainable identification capability lies in the construction of systems that employ DNA sequences as taxon 'barcodes'. We establish that the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) can serve as the core of a global bioidentification system for animals. First, we demonstrate that COI profiles, derived from the low-density sampling of higher taxonomic categories, ordinarily assign newly analysed taxa to the appropriate phylum or order. Second, we demonstrate that species-level assignments can be obtained by creating comprehensive COI profiles. A model COI profile, based upon the analysis of a single individual from each of 200 closely allied species of lepidopterans, was 100% successful in correctly identifying subsequent specimens. When fully developed, a COI identification system will provide a reliable, cost-effective and accessible solution to the current problem of species identification. Its assembly will also generate important new insights into the diversification of life and the rules of molecular evolution.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: Supervision
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Resources
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Resources
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Resources
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                10 April 2024
                2024
                : 19
                : 4
                : e0300903
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Balochistan, Balochistan, Pakistan
                [2 ] Department of Zoology, University of Loralai, Balochistan, Pakistan
                [3 ] Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
                [4 ] State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
                [5 ] Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Balochistan, Pakistan
                [6 ] Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
                Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, PAKISTAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7989-1461
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4638-8253
                Article
                PONE-D-23-25794
                10.1371/journal.pone.0300903
                11006193
                38598453
                0778649d-1c15-4998-9587-aa480b686005
                © 2024 Hussain et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 12 August 2023
                : 5 March 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 17
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Hymenoptera
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Hymenoptera
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Hymenoptera
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Processes
                Speciation
                Cryptic Speciation
                Biology and life sciences
                Molecular biology
                Molecular biology techniques
                DNA barcoding
                Research and analysis methods
                Molecular biology techniques
                DNA barcoding
                Biology and life sciences
                Evolutionary biology
                Evolutionary systematics
                Molecular systematics
                DNA barcoding
                Biology and life sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary systematics
                Molecular systematics
                DNA barcoding
                Computer and information sciences
                Data management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary systematics
                Molecular systematics
                DNA barcoding
                People and Places
                Geographical Locations
                Asia
                Pakistan
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Conservation Science
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Biodiversity
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Biodiversity
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting information files.

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