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      Epigenetic Studies of Chinese Herbal Medicine: Pleiotropic Role of DNA Methylation

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          Abstract

          Accumulating knowledge has been achieved on DNA methylation participating in numerous cellular processes and multiple human diseases; however, few studies have addressed the pleiotropic role of DNA methylation in Chinese herbal medicine (CHM). CHM has been used worldwide for the prevention and treatment of multiple diseases. Newly developed epigenetic techniques have brought great opportunities for the development of CHM. In this review, we summarize the DNA methylation studies and portray the pleiotropic role of DNA methylation in CHM. DNA methylation serves as a mediator participating in plant responses to environmental factors, and thus affecting CHM medicinal plants growth and bioactive compound biosynthesis which are vital for therapeutic effects. Furthermore, DNA methylation helps to uncover the pharmaceutical mechanisms of CHM formulae, herbs, and herbal-derived compounds. It also provides scientific validation for constitution theory and other essential issues of CHM. This newly developed field of DNA methylation is up-and-coming to address many complicated scientific questions of CHM; it thus not only promotes disease treatment but also facilitates health maintenance.

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          Most cited references97

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          The diverse roles of DNA methylation in mammalian development and disease

          DNA methylation is of paramount importance for mammalian embryonic development. DNA methylation has numerous functions: it is implicated in the repression of transposons and genes, but is also associated with actively transcribed gene bodies and, in some cases, with gene activation per se. In recent years, sensitive technologies have been developed that allow the interrogation of DNA methylation patterns from a small number of cells. The use of these technologies has greatly improved our knowledge of DNA methylation dynamics and heterogeneity in embryos and in specific tissues. Combined with genetic analyses, it is increasingly apparent that regulation of DNA methylation erasure and (re-)establishment varies considerably between different developmental stages. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms and functions of DNA methylation and demethylation in both mice and humans at CpG-rich promoters, gene bodies and transposable elements. We highlight the dynamic erasure and re-establishment of DNA methylation in embryonic, germline and somatic cell development. Finally, we provide insights into DNA methylation gained from studying genetic diseases.
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            TET enzymes, TDG and the dynamics of DNA demethylation.

            DNA methylation has a profound impact on genome stability, transcription and development. Although enzymes that catalyse DNA methylation have been well characterized, those that are involved in methyl group removal have remained elusive, until recently. The transformative discovery that ten-eleven translocation (TET) family enzymes can oxidize 5-methylcytosine has greatly advanced our understanding of DNA demethylation. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is a key nexus in demethylation that can either be passively depleted through DNA replication or actively reverted to cytosine through iterative oxidation and thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG)-mediated base excision repair. Methylation, oxidation and repair now offer a model for a complete cycle of dynamic cytosine modification, with mounting evidence for its significance in the biological processes known to involve active demethylation.
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              Dynamics and function of DNA methylation in plants

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Pharmacol
                Front Pharmacol
                Front. Pharmacol.
                Frontiers in Pharmacology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1663-9812
                07 December 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 790321
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
                [ 2 ]National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
                [ 3 ]Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
                [ 4 ]Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: George Qian Li, Western Sydney University, Australia

                Reviewed by: Qi Wang, Harbin Medical University, China

                Wei-Hua Huang, Central South University, China

                *Correspondence: Jin-Yi Wan, wanjinyi1128@ 123456163.com ; Haiqiang Yao, haiqiangyao@ 123456outlook.com
                [ † ]

                These authors have contributed equally to this work

                This article was submitted to Ethnopharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology

                Article
                790321
                10.3389/fphar.2021.790321
                8688941
                34950039
                08b6456b-0c32-4d62-9c14-d5c7ca00ef09
                Copyright © 2021 Guo, Ma, Wang, Wan, Yao and Yuan.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 06 October 2021
                : 22 November 2021
                Categories
                Pharmacology
                Review

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                epigenetics,dna methylation,chinese herbal medicine,constitution theory,ethnopharmacology

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